【作者】 杨梅；

【导师】 丁士仁；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 哲学·外国哲学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 安萨里(Al-Ghazali,公元1058-1111)是古典伊斯兰世界的集大成者,被誉为“伊斯兰权威”。安萨里在其哲学著作——《哲学家的矛盾》一书的第17个问题中系统地阐述了因果关系的理论。首先安萨里继承并发展了艾什阿里学派的偶因论,直接否定了因果关系之间的必然性,以此批判法拉比、伊本·西那为代表的逍遥派哲学家的因果观,维护艾什尔里学派的正统教义;之后安萨里又肯定了神圣因果律和自然因果律的存在,以此调和艾什尔里学派的偶因论,使得其让普通大众接受。安萨里否认因果关系存在必然性的最主要目的是为“奇迹”的存在寻求理性的证明,以此捍卫宗教的权威性和正统性。而六百年之后的英国哲学家大卫·休谟(David·Hume,公元1711-1776)也同样提出了否定因果关系之间必然性的主张,并将因果关系归于“习惯的力量”。但休谟是以否定因果关系的必然性为武器去批判宗教和自然神论者。同样的理论前提却导向了截然不同的结果,二人的生活年代相差六百多年,安萨里在时间上作为休谟的前辈,那么安萨里的因果关系理论是否以间接或直接的方式影响或启发到休谟,二人关于因果关系的理论在哪些方面存在着相似性和差异性,这是本文试图探究和论述的主要问题。所以本文试图从“因果关系不具必然性”、“因果关系只具有主观性”和“基于因果关系的知识分类”等三个方面阐释二人在因果关系方面的异同以及论述在因果关系视域之下二人在“上帝的存在、神迹观和上帝的道德属性”等神学思想上的差异,以此来比较安萨里和休谟关于因果关系的理论,探求安萨里是否对休谟产生影响等问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Al-Ghazali(1058-1111AD)was the epitome of the classical Islamic world,known as the “Islamic authority”.Al-Ghazali systematically expounds the theory of causality in the 17 th question of his philosophical work,The Incoherence of the Philosophers.Firstly,Al-Ghazali inherited and developed the theory of occasionalism of Al-Ashari school,directly denied the necessity of causality,criticized the view of causality of carefree philosophers represented by Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina,and maintained the orthodox doctrine of Al-Ashari school.Then Al-Ghazali affirmed the existence of divine causality and natural causality,so as to reconcile the occasionalism of Al-Ashari school and make it acceptable to the general public.The main purpose of Al-Ashari’s denial of the necessity of causality is to seek rational proof for the existence of "miracle",so as to defend the authority and religious orthodoxy.Six hundred years later,the British philosopher David Hume(1711-1776AD)also proposed to deny the inevitability of causality and attribute causality to “the power of custom”.However,Hume criticized religion and deists by denying the inevitability of causality.The same theoretical premise leads to different results.Their lives differ by more than 600 years.Al-Ghazali was Hume’s predecessor in time.Whether Al-Ghazali’s causal theory affects or inspires Hume in an indirect or direct way,and what are the similarities and differences between their theories on cause effect relationship,which is the main problem this thesis attempts to explore and discuss.Therefore,this thesis attempts to explain the similarities and differences in causality between the two from three aspects: “causality is not inevitable”,“causality is only subjective” and “classification of knowledge based on causality”,and discuss the differences in theological thoughts such as “the existence of God,the view of miracles and the moral attribute of God” from the perspective of causality,so as to compare the theories of causality between Al-Ghazali and Hume,and explor whether Al-Ghazali had an impact on Hume.更多还原