【作者】 杨慧萍；

【导师】 马伟军；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 应用心理（专业学位）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 作为心理干预的重要方法,绘画疗法运用画作突破语言限制,表达画者可能从未体验过的潜意识情绪与思维,发挥调整负性情绪、增进自我觉察和自我理解的效果;现今社会弥漫的教育焦虑,由于密集母职和家庭中教育任务性别不对等的情况,打造出所谓“教育拼妈”的女性族群;女性有高度生物性、遗传基因和社会心理易感性,有更强的情绪记忆能力,普遍具有强烈负性情绪易感性和较难调节负性情绪的特质,使得教育拼妈的女性族群,较易被沉重的养育压力影响而产生教育焦虑情绪问题,因此,本研究运用自由表达绘画疗法,针对上海市高中生妈妈进行焦虑及教育焦虑的干预探究。本研究中研究一经由网络发布SAS焦虑自陈量表和家长教育焦虑自陈量表,回收上海市高一和高二学生妈妈共259份有效数据,并对其进行人口学变量数据分析,其中70后母亲占比较高(74.10%),而文化程度以大专及以上(80.70%)为主;同时,69.10%的本代高中生目前为独生子女。此外,94.60%的母亲为职业妇女,母亲承担家中教育工作的比例为69.90%,而仅7.70%的比例由父亲承担。在影响教育焦虑因素分析中,子女个数会导致母亲焦虑水平差异,独生子女的母亲的焦虑水平(M=45.11,SD=8.89)要低于非独生子女母亲的焦虑水平(M=48.11,SD=10.00);其次,子女就读学校类型会造成妈妈焦虑水平差异,孩子在市重点学校就读的母亲教育焦虑水平(M=31.75,SD=9.43),较区重点的母亲教育焦虑水平(M=36.9,SD=11.44)低,相比于普通高中的母亲教育焦虑水平(M=37.07,SD=8.76)更低。研究二从研究一中招募24位被试自愿参与绘画干预研究,期间因新冠疫情等不可抗力因素,最终分组为实验组10名、对照组11名被试,实验组进行8周自由表达主题绘画疗法干预,对照组进行临摹绘画,两组在干预前、中、后均实施SAS焦虑量表及家长教育量表测量;最终显示自由表达绘画疗法实验组,被试的SAS焦虑分数与教育焦虑分数均显著下降,临摹绘画对照组被试的教育焦虑分数没有明显变化、但SAS焦虑分数略微下降,说明自由表达绘画疗法,能改善焦虑和教育焦虑情绪,同属于绘画项目的临摹绘画,也具备情绪宣泄作用而影响焦虑水平。在绘画疗法干预与情绪调节策略相关性分析中,显示8周绘画疗法干预教育焦虑后,实验组和对照组的情绪调节策略,即“表达抑制”和“认知重评”两者分数,较8周干预前没有显著差异,显示为期8周的绘画干预,能显著降低高中生妈妈教育焦虑情绪,但对改变情绪调节策略没有影响。研究三选择研究二实验组被试进行个案研究,于8周绘画干预期同步实施个案访谈,访谈结果显示自行诠释画作潜意识内容,直接以图象表达非口语形式的内在经验,突破内心审查机制,藉由对画作自由联想和解释提升自我完整性和凝聚力,是自由表达绘画疗法的主要作用机制。综上本研究得出结论,母亲因兼顾家庭教养与职场挑战,较易形成焦虑与教育焦虑情绪,而子女个数与就读学校类型会影响焦虑情绪水平;自由表达绘画疗法干预8周后,妈妈焦虑与教育焦虑水平有显著变化,但对情绪调节策略改变效果不显著;直接以图象表达突破内心审查机制,对画作自由联想和解释提升自我完整性,是自由表达绘画疗法的主要作用机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important member of the psychological counseling therapy,painting therapy breaks through the language restrictions by using paintings,expresses the subconscious emotions and thoughts that the painter may have never experienced,and is useful in adjusting negative emotions and improving self-awareness and self-understanding.Today’s society is filled with educational anxiety.Due to the gender inequality of intensive motherhood and educational tasks in the family,a so-called "education for mothers" female group has been created.Women have high biological,genetic and psychosocial susceptibility,stronger emotional memory ability,and generally have strong negative emotional susceptibility and characteristics that it is difficult to regulate negative emotions.This makes it easier for the female group who struggle in educating kids to have educational anxiety because of the heavy parenting pressure.In this study,study one published SAS self-report scale of educational anxiety and self-report scale of parental educational anxiety through the internet,collected 259 valid data of mothers of senior one and senior two students in Shanghai,and compared the differences in demographic variables.Among them,the mothers who were accounted for the majority(74.10%)were the generation after 70 s,while the education level was mainly college or above(80.70%).Most of the high school students of this generation(69.10%)are only child at present.In addition,the proportion of mothers who are career women is 94.60%.The proportion of children’s education at home borne by the mother is 69.90%,and the proportion borne by the father alone is 7.70%.In the analysis of factors affecting educational anxiety,the number of children will lead to the difference of mothers’ anxiety level.The anxiety level of mothers with only children(M = 45.11,SD = 8.89)is lower than that of non only children(M = 48.11,SD = 10.00).Secondly,the type of school children attend will lead to the difference of mother’s anxiety level.The mother’s education anxiety level of children in municipal key schools(M = 31.75,SD = 9.43)is lower than that of district key schools(M = 36.9,SD = 11.44),and lower than that of ordinary high schools(M =37.07,SD = 8.76).Study two recruited 24 volunteers who volunteered to participate in the painting intervention from the first study.During the period,there were eventually 10 members divided into intervention group and 11 members in the control group due to the force majeure factors such as COVID-19.The experimental group was given free expression of theme painting therapy for 8weeks,while the control group was copied and painted.The SAS anxiety scale and parent education scale were measured in the two groups before,during and after the intervention.Finally,the results showed that painting intervention significantly reduced the SAS anxiety score and educational anxiety score of high school students’ mothers in the experimental group.Copying painting cannot significantly reduce the educational anxiety score of high school students’ mothers,but it will affect the SAS anxiety score,indicating that copying painting can also play the role of emotional catharsis.In the correlation analysis between painting therapy and emotion regulation strategies,the results showed that there was no correlation between the anxiety results of painting intervention education and "cognitive reappraisal" and "expression inhibition" emotion regulation strategies,and there was no significant difference in the scores of expression inhibition and cognitive reappraisal between the experimental group and the control group,It shows that although the 8 weeks painting treatment is not related to changing the emotion regulation strategy,but it can still significantly reduce the educational anxiety of high school students’ mothers.In study three,the subjects in Study two were selected for case study,and the case interview was conducted in the expectation of painting stem for 8 weeks at the same time.The interview results showed that the main mechanism of free expression painting intervention was to interpret the subconscious content of paintings,and express the internal experience of non-verbal forms directly in images,breaking through the inner review mechanism,and improve self integrity and cohesion through free association and interpretation of paintings.To sum up,this study concludes that mothers undertake most of the parenting work of their children at home.Mothers with more children and children not attending key schools in the city have more serious educational anxiety.The 8-weeks free expression painting therapy intervention can significantly improve the level of mother’s educational anxiety,but it has nothing to do with emotion regulation strategies.The main action mechanism of free expression painting therapy is to directly break through the inner review mechanism through image expression,freely associate and explain paintings,and improve self integrity and cohesion.更多还原