幼儿的选择性信任是基于共识性还是基于信息通达性

【作者】 张宁；

【导师】 刘希平；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 共识性即多个个体之间意见的一致性程度。当个体无法用自己的知识经验自行验证信息提供者的证词时,共识性就对幼儿的决策起着非常重要的作用。信息提供者对情境信息的通达性指获取信息的感官通道的流畅程度。但是当共识与信息通达性相互冲突时,幼儿的决策何去何从,这是本研究要探讨的问题。本研究在天津市和烟台市四所公立幼儿园随机抽取366名幼儿,采用冲突信息源范式,针对信息提供者的共识性和信息通达性对幼儿选择性信任的影响展开研究。本研究共包含三个实验。实验一采用单因素被试间设计,探讨了当信息提供者的共识性和信息通达性相冲突时,3～6岁幼儿决策倾向的变化趋势。结果显示:4～6岁幼儿均对具有信息通达性但没有共识性的信息提供者产生了选择性信任,并且随着年龄的增长,信任程度也会随之增加,而3岁幼儿没有对任何一组信息提供者产生信任偏好。实验二采用3(年龄:4岁、5岁、6岁)×3(情境类型:共识情境、控制情境、重复情景)的混合设计,考察4～6岁幼儿在什么情况下会对共识性信息提供者产生选择性信任。结果显示:(1)在共识情境中,4岁幼儿未对共识组信息提供者产生选择性信任,5岁和6岁幼儿会对共识组信息提供者产生选择性信任,且6岁幼儿对共识组信息提供者的信任程度显著高于4岁幼儿。(2)在控制情境和重复情境中,4～6岁幼儿均未对共识组信息提供者产生选择性信任。实验三采用3(年龄:4岁、5岁、6岁)×3(共识程度:共识组无分歧、共识组一人有分歧、共识组三人有分歧)的混合设计,探讨当共识程度下降时,幼儿对共识组信息提供者的选择性信任情况。结果显示:三个年龄的幼儿在共识组信息提供者产生内部分歧时,均对共识组的信任程度有明显的下降。研究结果表明:(1)在幼儿的选择性信任中,随着年龄的增长,共识在其中起的作用越来越小,通达性起的作用越来越大。这说明,3～6岁的幼儿选择性信任决策水平越来越理性。(2)幼儿在共识性选择性信任的决策过程中,信息通达性起着关键作用,而报告次数和单纯的共识性不会影响幼儿对信息提供者的信任程度。(3)当具有共识性的信息提供者产生内部分歧时,随着共识程度的降低,幼儿对其的信任程度会有明显的下降。这说明,共识程度会影响幼儿对信息提供者的信任决策。(4)社会性因素在4岁幼儿选择性信任中起着重要的作用,而对5～6岁幼儿的影响较小。更多还原

【Abstract】 Consensus is the degree of agreement between multiple individuals.Consensus plays a very important role in young children’s decision making when individuals are unable to verify the informant with their own knowledge and experience.The accessibility of informant to situational information refers to the fluency of sensory channels to obtain information.However,when consensus and information accessibility conflict with each other,what is the direction of young children’s decision making? This is the question to be explored in this study.In this study,366 children were randomly selected from four public kindergartens in Tianjin and Yantai.Using the conflict information source paradigm,we investigated the influence of informant’s consensuality and information accessibility on children’s selective trust.This study consists of three experiments.In experiment 1,a single factor design was used to investigate the tendency of 3 to 6 year old children’s decision-making tendency when the consensus of informant and the accessibility of information conflict.The results show that children aged 4-6 have selective trust in informants with information accessibility but no consensus,and the degree of trust increases with age,while children aged 3 have no trust preference in any group of informants.In experiment 2,a mixed design of 3(age: 4,5,6 years old)×3(situation type: consensus situation,control situation,and repetition situation)was used to investigate under what circumstances children aged 4-6 would have selective trust in consensual informants.The results showed that :(1)in the consensus context,four-year-old children did not have selective trust in the consensus group informant,while five-year-old and six-year-old children had selective trust in the consensus group informant,and six-year-old children had significantly higher trust in the consensus group informant than four-year-old children.(2)In the control and repetition situations,4 to 6 years old children did not have selective trust in the consensus group informant.In experiment 3,a mixed design of 3(age: 4,5 and 6 years old)×3(degree of consensus: no disagreement in the consensus group,one disagreement in the consensus group,and three disagreement in the consensus group)was used to explore children’s selective trust in the informant in the consensus group when the degree of consensus decreases.The results showed that when the informants of the consensus group had internal disagreement,the trust level of the consensus group was significantly decreased in all three age groups.The results show that :(1)with the increase of age,consensus plays a smaller role in children’s selective trust,while accessibility plays a larger role.This indicates that children aged3 to 6 years old are more and more rational in their selective trust decision-making.(2)Information accessibility plays a key role in the decision-making process of consensus-selective trust,and the number of reports does not affect children’s trust in informants.(3)When there is internal disagreement among consensual informants,with the decrease of consensus,children’s trust in them will decrease significantly.This indicates that the degree of consensus will affect children’s trust decision on informants.(4)Social factors play an important role in the selective trust of 4-year-olds,but have little influence on the selective trust of 5-6-year-olds.更多还原