【作者】 张雪松；

【导师】 李海平；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 行政处罚在维持社会正常秩序、保障社会正常发展等方面起着重要作用。我国的行政处罚一直以客观归责作为归责原则,即在行政处罚中不考虑行政相对者的主观过错。然而长期以来,学界对于客观归责的批驳声音较多,主要集中于“缺少人权保障”、“不符合国际立法趋势”等方面。2021年我国对《行政处罚法》进行了修订,引起关注的重要一点就是新增加了主观过错条款。此条款的出台并没有改变我国行政处罚客观归责的现状。但是本次《行政处罚法》之修订,也表明了我国立法机关已经将行政相对人之主观过错纳入考量的视野,充分体现了我国法律对于人权的尊重和保障,使《行政处罚法》变成了一部有温度的法律。关于主观过错的具体认定,需要结合刑法、民法等部门法之规定以及国际立法现状综合考量。行政处罚中的主观过错可以分为故意和过失两种情形。而故意情形可以分成直接的故意和间接的故意,过失情形可以分成过于自信的过失和疏忽大意的过失。具体判断不同类型的主观过错应结合相关法律法规以及实践中的案例进行。对于行政处罚的举证责任分配,我们可以参考“谁主张,谁举证”的一般举证原则。一般情况,我们行政机关对行政相对人的客观表现、涉案行为、责任能力等符合行政处罚构成要件负有举证责任,行政相对人需要有证据足以证明自己无主观过错。特殊情况,如果法律、法规有特殊规定,从其规定。我们可以采用“排除合理怀疑”证明标准作为主观过错举证责任的证明标准。同时在实务中应严格区分举证分工,准确把握举证时限等问题。关于条款的具体适用问题应从条款适用的一般情形、例外情形、与其他条款衔接适用三个部分重点把握。一般情形包括行为人受蒙蔽、他人过错所致、无可预见性行为三个方面;例外情形包括主观过错作为构成要件之特殊规定以及有无主观过错均需处罚之特殊规定两种情形。关于行政处罚法的溯及力问题,可以这样理解:如果法律、行政法规没有特殊规定,适用从旧兼从轻原则;如果法律、行政法规有特殊规定,我们就依据特别法优于一般法的原则,适用特别法。最后,还应该坚持惩罚与教育相结合的理念,做好条款的具体适用。只有不断探寻条款适用的最优解,方能有效的保障公民的合法权益,维护正常社会秩序,尽力实现处罚结果公平公正,充分释放立法效能。更多还原

【Abstract】 Administrative punishment plays an important role in maintaining normal social order and ensuring normal social development.Administrative punishment in our country has always been based on objective attribution as the principle of attribution,the subjective fault of the administrative counterpart is not considered in the administrative punishment.However,for a long time,there have been many criticisms of objective attribution in academic circles,mainly focusing on "lack of human rights protection" and "not in line with international legislative trends".In 2021,our country revised the Administrative Punishment Law,and an important point that attracted attention was the addition of a new subjective fault clause.The introduction of this clause has not changed the status quo of objective imputation of administrative penalties in our country.However,the revision of the "Administrative Punishment Law" also shows that our country’s legislature has taken the subjective fault of the administrative counterpart into consideration,fully embodying the respect and protection of human rights in our country’s laws,making the "Administrative Punishment Law" a warmer law.Regarding the specific determination of subjective fault,we should comprehensively consider the provisions of criminal law,civil law and the status quo of international legislation.Subjective fault in administrative punishment can be defined as including intention and negligence.Intention is divided into direct intention and indirect intention,negligence includes unanticipated negligence and overconfidence negligence.At the same time,the text combines relevant laws and regulations and judicial cases to elaborate how to specifically judge different types of subjective faults.For the allocation of the burden of proof for administrative punishment,we can refer to the general principle of proof of "whoever claims,who shall give evidence".In general,the administrative organ only needs to prove that the party involved in the case,responsibility capacity,objective performance,etc.meet the requirements for constituting an illegal act that should be subject to administrative punishment.The administrative counterpart needs to have sufficient evidence to prove that he is not at fault.In special circumstances,if there are special provisions in laws and regulations,the provisions shall prevail.At the same time,we can take "beyond reasonable doubt" as the standard of proof for the burden of proof of subjective fault.Regarding the specific application of the clauses,we should focus on three parts:the general situation,the exceptional situation,and the application of the clauses in conjunction with other clauses.The general situation includes three aspects: the perpetrator is deceived,caused by the fault of others,and the unforeseeable behavior;the exceptions include the special provisions of subjective fault as a constituent element and the special provisions of whether there is subjective fault and need to be punished.Regarding the retroactivity of the Administrative Penalty Law,it can be understood as follows: if there are no special provisions in laws and administrative regulations,the principle of prioritizing the old while giving light to the light shall apply;if there are special provisions in the laws and administrative regulations,we shall use the special law over the general law.principle,special law applies.Finally,we should also adhere to the concept of combining punishment and education,and do a good job in the specific application of the terms.Only by constantly exploring the optimal solution for the application of the clauses can we effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens,maintain normal social order,try our best to achieve fairness and justice in punishment results,and fully release the effectiveness of legislation.更多还原