【作者】 史威；

【导师】 刘李；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 伦理学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 约翰·R.塞尔是当代西方一位著名的分析哲学家,他在社会哲学、语言哲学和心灵哲学等方面均有建树,其社会哲学思想主要体现在“制度性事实”理论中。塞尔认为,“制度性事实”是一种不同于“基本事实”,以人类制度的存在为前提的客观事实。他以真理符合论和物质实在论为前提预设,并立足于意向性理论和言语行为理论对“制度性事实”进行了系统分析,通过这种分析,他揭示了“集体意向性”和宣告式言语行为对构建“制度性事实”所具有的意义,并揭示了“制度性事实”中包含的“地位功能”“道义性权力”“独立于欲望的行为理由”和“构成性规则”等相互关联的基本要素。塞尔本人并未阐发一种系统的元伦理学或对道德进行过系统分析,但包括他本人在内的不少学者都认为,“制度性事实”理论可以为道德事实的分析提供理论基础。本文主要目的是,基于塞尔立场并利用他的方法和概念对道德事实进行较为系统的分析,这种分析既是对塞尔理论的发展,也一定程度上丰富了伦理学研究。基于塞尔立场,道德事实实质上属于“制度性事实”。经由分析,我们同样可以看到“集体意向性”和宣告式言语行为对道德事实之建构所具有的意义;看到道德事实中同样包含构建“制度性事实”的那些相互关联的基本要素。总之,通过“制度性事实”理论及其包含的一套概念,我们能够对道德事实进行一种系统分析,这种分析自有其独特之处。对道德事实的这种理解也内在蕴含着对(元伦理学的)道德客观性问题和道德规范性问题的一种系统理解和回应。在道德客观性问题上,我们看到,基于塞尔立场,作为“制度性事实”的道德事实具有客观性,但这是一种认识论意义上的客观性,在本体论上它则是主观的。在道德规范性问题上,基于塞尔立场,道德规范性的根据应被理解为共同参与到道德生活中的人们的普遍同意(或意见一致),此外,对道德事实的构成条件和基本要素的分析亦可以理解为对道德规范之构成条件和基本要素的分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 John R.Searle is a famous contemporary western analytical philosopher.He has made achievements in social philosophy,language philosophy and spiritual philosophy.His social philosophy is mainly reflected in the theory of “Institutional Fact”.Searle believes that “Institutional Facts”is an objective fact different from“Basic Facts”and based on the existence of human system.He presupposes truth correspondence theory and material realism,and makes a systematic analysis of“Institutional Facts” based on intentionality theory and speech act theory.Through analysis,he reveals the significance of “Collective Intentionality”and Declarations to the construction of “Institutional Facts”,It also reveals the interrelated basic elements contained in the “Institutional Facts”,such as “Status Functions”“Deontic Powers”“Desire-Independent” and “Constitutive ”.Searle himself has not expounded a systematic meta ethics or made a systematic analysis of morality,but many scholars,including himself,believe that the theory of“Institutional Facts" can provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of moral facts.The main purpose of this paper is to make a systematic analysis of moral facts based on Searle’s position and using his methods and concepts.This analysis not only develops Searle’s theory,but also enriches ethical research to a certain extent.Based on Searle’s position,moral facts essentially belongs to “Institutional Facts”.Through the analysis,we can also see the significance of “Collective Intentionality ”and Declarations to the construction of moral facts;We can see that moral facts also contain those interrelated basic elements of constructing “Institutional Facts”.In short,through the theory of“Institutional Facts” and a set of concepts contained therein,we can make a systematic analysis of moral facts,which has its own uniqueness.This understanding of moral facts contains a systematic understanding and response to a series of basic problems of meta ethics(the meaning of moral language,moral objectivity and moral normalization,etc.).On the issue of moral objectivity,we can see that based on Searle’s position,the moral facts as "Institutional Facts" has objectivity,but it is an objectivity in the sense of epistemology and subjective in ontology.On the issue of moral normalization,based on Searle’s position,the basis of moral normalization should be understood as the general agreement(or consensus)of people participating in moral life;In addition,the analysis of the constituent conditions and basic elements of moral facts can also be understood as the analysis of the constituent conditions and basic elements of moral normalization.更多还原