【作者】 张猛；

【导师】 曹国璠； 郑明强；

【作者基本信息】 贵州大学 ， 农艺与种业， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 根际是植物根系周围受根系生长影响的土体,更是植物与外界环境进行物质与能量交换的主要场所。根际土壤理化特性、酶活性及微生物多样性会影响白术的生长发育。本研究采用氮磷钾肥配施处理,探究白术根际土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物多样性对氮磷钾肥配施的响应状况,为白术科学施肥提供理论依据。主要结论如下:（1）氮磷钾肥配施显著提高了白术根际土壤细菌群落多样性,在门水平上,氮磷钾肥配施会提高放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、芽孢杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、Patescibacteria、Myxococcota、浮霉菌门、Verrucomicrobiota、蓝细菌门和WPS-2的丰富度,降低了变形菌门的丰富度。在属水平上,氮磷钾肥配施提高了鞘氨醇单胞菌属,norank＿f＿＿norank＿o＿＿Gaiellales,＿f＿＿JG30-KF-AS9,unclassified＿f＿＿Micromonosporaceae,norank＿f＿＿JG30-KF-CM45、norank＿f＿＿Roseiflexaceae、norank＿f＿＿norank＿o＿＿Vicinamibacterales、norank＿f＿＿SC-I-84和节杆菌属的丰富度,降低norank＿f＿＿SC-I-84和布氏杆菌属的丰富度。影响白术根际土壤放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、芽孢杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、Patescibacteria、Myxococcota、浮霉菌门丰度因素由强到弱的顺序分别为是:B>A>C、A>C>B、C>B>A、C>A>B、A>C>B、A>B>C、A>C>B、C>B>A、A>C>B、C>A>B,各因素水平之间细菌门丰度差异是不同的。（2）氮磷钾肥配施显著提高了白术根际土壤真菌群落多样性,在门水平上,氮磷钾肥配施能提高了子囊菌门、担子菌门、球囊菌门、unclassified＿k＿＿Fungi和壶菌门的丰富度。在属水平上,氮磷钾肥配施能提高镰刀菌属、青霉属、unclassified＿f＿＿Nectriaceae、小被孢霉属、Saitozyma、unclassified＿f＿＿Chaetomiaceae、粗糙孔菌属、枝孢属和Solicoccozyma的丰富度,降低子囊菌门的丰富度。影响白术根际土壤子囊菌门丰度、担子菌门、球囊菌门、unclassified＿k＿＿Fungi、壶菌门因素由强到弱的顺序分别是C>B>A、B>A>C、A>C>B、A>B>C、C>B>A,各因素水平之间真菌门丰度差异是不同的。（3）白术出苗后60～220 d,四种有机酸含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,影响理化指标的因素强弱次序及因子水平间理化性质差异是不同的。氮磷钾肥配施提高了白术根际土壤草酸、酒石酸、甲酸和苹果酸、速效钾和全磷含量。白术出苗后100 d,氮磷钾肥配施降低了白术根际土壤全钾含量。白术出苗后140 d,氮磷钾肥配施降低了白术根际土壤全钾和全氮含量。白术出苗后180 d,氮磷钾肥配施降低了白术根际土壤全钾含量、全氮含量、碱解氮含量和p H值。白术出苗后220 d,与不施肥处理相比,白术根际土壤全氮含量降低21.26%～26.09%,全钾含量降低3.49%～15.28%,有机质含量降低9.44%～16.39%,p H值降低2.22%～11.6%,含水量降低0.28%-1.86%、速效钾含量提高10.74%～131.4%,全磷含量高出22.58%～41.94%。（4）白术出苗后60～220 d,影响白术根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性的因素强弱顺序不同,各因素水平之间的差异性也不同。除白术出苗后140 d,磷肥是影响酸性磷酸酶活性的主要因素,中低施用水平的活性最高。氮磷钾肥配施提高了脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性。白术出苗后60～180 d,氮磷钾肥配施提高了过氧化氢酶活性。白术出苗后100～220 d,氮磷钾肥配施能提高多酚氧化酶的活性。白术根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,多酚氧化酶活性变化不变,酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性呈下降趋势。（5）db-RDA分析和相关性分析表明,白术根际土壤理化指标影响细菌群落次序由强到弱的顺序是:p H>WC>TK>AP>TP>OC>AN>AK>TN,白术根际土壤酶和有机酸影响细菌群落由强到弱依次是:FA>OA>S-CAT>TA>S-SC>S-PPO>S-ACP>MA>S-UE,白术根际土壤酶和有机酸影响真菌群落次序由强到弱的顺序是:MA>OA>S-ACP>S-CAT>S-UE>TA>FA>S-SC>S-PPO;白术根际土壤理化指标影响真菌细菌群落由强到弱的依次是:AP>p H>TP>AK>TK>OC>TN>AN>WC。白术根际土壤理化指标、酶活性和微生物之间有密切的相关性。隶属函数分析表明,T3（N:103 Kg/hm2,P₂O₅:180 Kg/hm2,K₂O:230 Kg/hm2）处理对白术根际土壤微生物多样性,理化指标变化和酶活性影响最大的,利于白术的生长。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rhizosphere is the soil around plant roots affected by root growth,and it is also the main place for material and energy exchange between plants and the external environment.The growth and development of Atractylodes macrocephala were affected by physicochemical characteristics,enzyme activities and microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil.In this study,combined application of NPK fertilizer was used to investigate the response of soil physical and chemical properties,enzyme activities and microbial diversity to combined application of NPK fertilizer in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes macrocephala,provide scientific fertilization theoretical basis of Atractylodes atractylodes.The main conclusions are as follows:（1）NPK fertilizer combined application significantly increased the diversity of soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes macrocephala.At phylum level,NPK fertilizer combined application increased abundance of Actinobacteriota,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteriota,Gemmatimonadota,Bacteroidota,Firmic utes,Patescibacteria,Myxococcota,Planctomycetota,Verrucomicrobiota,Cyanobacteria,WPS-2.But it reduced the abundance of Proteobacteria.At genus level,NPK fertilizer combined application increased abundance of Phingomonas,norank＿f＿＿JG30-KF-AS9,unclassified＿f＿＿Micromonosporaceae,norank＿f＿＿JG30-KF-CM45,norank＿f＿＿Roseiflexacea e,norank＿f＿＿norank＿o＿＿Vicinamibacterales,norank＿f＿＿SC-I-84,Arthrobacter.But it reduced the abundance of norank＿f＿＿SC-I-84 and Bryobacter.The order of the factors affecting the abundance of Actinobacteriota,Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteriota,Gemmatimonadota,Bacteroidota,Firmicut es,Patescibacteria、Myxococcota、Planctomycetota in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes atractylodes was as follows:B>A>C、A>C>B、C>B>A、C>A>B、A>C>B、A>B>C、A>C>B、C>B>A、A>C>B、C>A>B,and the abundance of phylum was different among different factor levels（2）NPK fertilizer combined application significantly increased the diversity of soil fungi community in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes macrocephala.At phylum level,NPK fertilizer combined application increased abundance of Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,unclassified＿k＿＿Fung,Chytridiomycota.At genus level,NPK fertilizer combined application increased abundance of Fusarium,Penicillium,unclassified＿f＿＿Nectriaceae,Mortierella,Saitozym,unclassified＿f＿＿Chaet omiaceae,Trechispora,Cladosporium,Solicoccozyma.But it reduced the abundance o unclassified＿p＿＿Ascomycota.The order of the factors affecting the abundance of Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,unclassified＿k＿＿Fungi,Chytridiomycota in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes atractylodes was as follows:C>B>A,A>C>B,A>B>C,C>B>A,and the abundance of phylum was different among different factor levels（3）From 60 days to 220 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,the contents of the four organic acids all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The factors influencing the physical and chemical index of the pecking order and the physical and chemical properties difference between factor levels are different.NPK fertilizer combined application could increase the contents of oxalic acid,tartaric acid,formic acid and malic acid in rhizosphere soil.At 100 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,,NPK fertilizer combined application decreased Atractylodes macrocephala rhizosphere soil total potassium content.At 140days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,NPK fertilizer combined application decreased Atractylodes macrocephala rhizosphere soil total potassium and total nitrogen content.At 180 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,NPK fertilizer combined application decreased Atractylodes macrocephala rhizosphere soil total potassium content,total nitrogen content,alkali solution nitrogen content and p H value.At 220 days after emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,compared with no fertilizer treatment,total nitrogen,total potassium,organic matter and p H in rhizosphere soil decreased by 21.26%～26.09%,3.49%～15.28%,9.44%-16.39%,2.22%～11.6%,respectively,water content decreased by 0.28%～1.86%,available potassium content increased by 10.74%～131.4%,total phosphorus content increased by 22.58%～41.94%.（4）From 60 days to 220 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala.The order of factors affecting the activities of S-UE,S-CAT,S-SC and S-PPO was different.In addition to the 140 d after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,P fertilizer is the main factors influencing the acid phosphatase,low use level of acid phosphatase activity.NPK fertilizer increased the activity of S-UE and S-SC.From 60 ays to 180 ays after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,NPK combined application increased S-CAT activity,while inhibited S-CAT activity at 220 d after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala.At 60 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,NPK combined application inhibited the activity of S-PPOe.From 100 days to 220 days after the emergence of Atractylodes macrocephala,NPK combined application could increase the activity of S-PPO.The activities of S-UE and S-CAT in the rhizosphere of Atractylodes macrocephala showed a trend of first increase and then decrease,the activities of S-PPO remained unchanged,and the activities of S-ACP and S-UE showed a trend of decrease.（5）Db-rda analysis and correlation analysis showed that the order of soil physical and chemical indexes affecting bacterial community in rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala from strong to weak was as follows:p H>WC>TK>AP>TP>OC>AN>AK>TN,The influence of soil enzymes and organic acids on bacterial community in the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephalas was as follows:FA>OA>S-CAT>TA>S-SC>S-PPO>S-ACP>MA>S-UE.The order of soil enzymes and organic acids affecting fungal community in the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala was as follows:MA>OA>S-ACP>S-CAT>S-UE>TA>FA>S-SC>S-PPO,the influence of soil physical and chemical indexes on fungal bacterial community in the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala from strong to weak was as follows:AP>p H>TP>AK>TK>OC>TN>AN>WC.There was a close correlation between soil physicochemical indexes,enzyme activities and microorganism in the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala The analysis of membership function showed that:T3（N:103 Kg/ha,P₂O₅:180 Kg/ha,K₂O:230 Kg/ha）has the greatest influence on soil microbial diversity,physicochemical index change and enzyme activity,which is beneficial to the growth of Atractylodes macrocephala.更多还原