马克思对弗洛姆社会性格理论的影响研究

【作者】 杨倩；

【导师】 王燕；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 国外马克思主义研究， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 社会性格理论是弗洛姆在借鉴弗洛伊德性格学说的基础上,综合马克思关于人的社会性思想和意识观形成的原创性理论。弗洛姆将马克思看作是一位具有世界历史意义的人物,他认为虽然弗洛伊德看到了个人心理因素,但是却忽视了社会环境对人的个性的影响,使他的视野受限,而马克思所思考的深度和广度远远超过弗洛伊德,他从社会经济结构来考察人的行为,但是对非理性因素却有所忽视,因此弗洛姆力图将两者“融为一炉”。同时,“伪马克思主义”对马克思思想的曲解和误读,更加促使弗洛姆花费大量的精力对马克思主义进行研究和思考,不仅对其进行批判,而且阐述了自己对于马克思主义的理解,提出社会性格理论来弥补马克思在微观心理层面以及经济基础与上层建筑之间具体转换机制上的不足。“社会性格”这一概念明显地体现出马克思主义思想的痕迹。在马克思思想的影响下,弗洛姆在人与世界的关系中考察性格,坚持“人主要的是社会存在物”,用马克思的社会倾向来改造弗洛伊德,并从社会性格的根源和变化两个层面来说明社会经济结构对社会性格的决定作用,同时也注意到了社会性格的“黏合剂”和“爆炸性的研钵”的作用,以此来说明社会性格的相对独立性。不仅如此,弗洛姆还一步探索了社会性格的基础和前提,即社会无意识。他将无意识放在现实的具体的世界中进行理解,坚持“意识是社会的产物”,用马克思的“历史力量”改造弗洛伊德的“里比多”,不仅阐述社会存在对社会无意识的决定作用,而且还看到了社会无意识对社会存在的反作用,力图使人们认识到这种对事实的压抑,并寻求社会变革之路打破这种压抑。弗洛姆的社会性格理论是受马克思思想的影响而产生的,虽然他始终立足于现实社会中的人,在社会历史中考察人的性格,但是其本质上还是将马克思思想看作是精神存在主义,理论重点还是放在了社会性格对于人的行为和思维的作用,并没有真正理解马克思主义,不仅对人的本质的理解停留在抽象的人性论上,而且没有触及资本主义社会的根本矛盾,带有浓厚的乌托邦色彩,终究是不现实的。更多还原

【Abstract】 The theory of social character is a creative theory that Fromm combines Marx’s social thought and consciousness view on the basis of Freud’s theory of character.Fromm regards Marx as a person of world historical significance.Although Freud sees personal psychological factors,he neglects the influence of social environment on human personality,which limits his vision.Marx thinks far more deeply and more than Freud.He examines human behavior from the social and economic structure,But the irrational factors were ignored,so Fromm tried to "melt the two into one furnace".Meanwhile,the misreading and Misreading of Marx thought by "pseudo Marxism" made Fromm spend a lot of energy on studying and thinking about Marxism,not only criticizing it,but also expounding his understanding of Marxism,The author proposes the theory of social character to make up for the deficiency of Marx in the micro psychological level and the concrete transformation mechanism between economic foundation and superstructure.The concept of "social character" clearly reflects the traces of Marxist thought.Under the influence of Marx’s thought,Fromm examined the character in the relationship between man and the world,insisted that "the main thing of human is social existence",and modified Freud with Marx ’social tendency,and explained the decisive effect of social economic structure on social character from the root and change of social character,At the same time,we also noticed the role of "bond" and "explosive mortar" of social character,so as to explain the relative independence of social character.Not only that,Fromm also explored the foundation and premise of social character,namely,social unconsciousness.He put unconsciousness in the concrete world of reality for understanding,insisted that "consciousness is the product of society",and modified Freud’s "Libido" with Marx’s "historical power".He not only expounded the decisive role of social existence on social unconsciousness,but also saw the negative effect of social unconsciousness on social existence,and tried to make people realize the repression of facts,And seek the way of social change to break this repression.Fromm’s theory of social character is influenced by Marx’s thought.Although he always bases on the people in the real society and examines the human character in social history,he still regards Marx thought as spiritual existentialism in essence,and the theoretical focus is on the role of social character on human behavior and thinking,and does not really understand Marxism,Not only does the understanding of human nature stay in the abstract theory of human nature,but also does not touch the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society,and it is not realistic with a strong Utopian color.更多还原