【作者】 李洁；

【导师】 毕晓涛； 薛春瑜； 邢立力；

【作者基本信息】 北京化工大学 ， 环境工程（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 传统民用固体燃料燃烧会对室内空气质量造成严重污染,并危害人体健康。生物质成型燃料+专用炉具作为清洁取暖措施被推广。但是目前针对生物质清洁取暖的室内空气污染研究较少,而且作为室内空气污染的直接影响源——炉具泄露的研究也很少。为了填补此项数据空缺,本研究在现场评估了生物质颗粒炉具和生物质颗粒的室内空气污染水平。在实验室分析了不同生物质颗粒炉具和生物质颗粒燃料在不同操作阶段下的泄露排放水平,并根据泄露排放估算出室内空气污染水平,并与实地测量值对比。A县农村地区的室内PM2.5平均浓度为280.50±162.00 μg/m3,CO的平均浓度为1.66±2.36 mg/m3。所有农户室内PM2.5日均浓度都超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)的空气质量推荐值25 μg/m3。CO的日均浓度有5%的家庭超过了 WHO室内空气质量的日均指导值7 mg/m3。从炉具进料方式来看,重力进料与动力进料方式对室内空气污染均无显著性影响。从取暖形式来看,烤火炉的室内污染浓度高于水暖炉,具有明显差异(PM2.5:p=0.03,<0.05;CO:p=0.04,<0.05)。与散煤和传统生物质相比,生物质清洁取暖的室内PM2.5浓度差异不显著,而对室内CO浓度有显著性差异。实验室测试比较了动力进料烤火炉(炉具a)和重力进料烤火炉(炉具b)PM2.5和CO的泄露排放因子,炉具a的PM2.5和CO泄露排放因子分别是 2.7±1.1 mg/kg 和 0.56±0.32 g/kg,炉具 b 的 PM2.5 和 CO 的泄露排放因子是2.5±0.9 mg/kg和0.33±0.08 g/kg。两种炉具的PM2.5泄露排放因子无显著性差异。炉具a的高低功率有显著性差异(PM2.5:p=0.02,<0.05;CO:p=0.004,<0.05),高功率的泄露排放因子低于低功率;但炉具b的PM2.5和CO的泄露排放因子在高低功率阶段没有显著性差异。还比较了胡木木质颗粒、杂木木质颗粒、棉花杆秸秆颗粒和杂木棉花杆混配颗粒的PM2.5和CO泄露排放因子,PM2.5的泄露排放因子分别是2.7±1.1、2.2±0.6、7.7±3.3 和 11.7±6.4 mg/kg,CO 的泄露排放因子分别是 0.56±0.32、0.22±0.07、0.56±0.24 和 0.72±0.49 g/kg。四种燃料中PM2.5和CO的泄漏因子最低的是杂木木质颗粒,最高的是混配颗粒,四种燃料的泄露排放因子均没有体现出显著性差异。所有燃料在高功率阶段时的泄露排放因子均小于低功率阶段,且具有显著性差异(PM2.5:p0.004,<0.05;CO:p=0.01,<0.05)。根据泄露的颗粒物粒径分布研究,泄露排放的颗粒物主要是超细颗粒物(PM0.1),占比90%。主要集中在0.01 μm 左右。本研究通过蒙特卡罗单区域模型来估算泄露排放对室内空气污染的影响。不同炉具类型和燃料种类的组合估算出的室内PM2.5浓度是165±59 μg/m3,室内CO浓度是14±1 mg/m3。测量结果与模拟值对比,发现PM2.5模拟值与测量值基本相符,但CO模拟值高于测量值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Burning traditional domestic solid fuels can cause severe household air pollution(HAP)and endanger human health.Biomass pellets together with improved stoves are promoted as an alternative measure to ensure clean heating during winter in households.However,to date,only a few studies have reported on HAP caused by biomass clean heating and have tried to classify fugitive stove emissions as a direct source of HAP.To fill the data gap,this study evaluated the household air pollution levels of biomass pellet stoves and biomass pellets on the field.In the laboratory,the fugitive emission levels of different types of biomass pellet stoves and biomass pellet fuels at different combustion stages were analyzed,and the household air pollution level was estimated based on the fugitive emissions,and compared with the measured values.The average indoor PM2.5 concentration found in rural areas of A county was 280.50±162.00 μg/m3,and the average concentration of CO also was 1.66±2.36 mg/m3.The daily average concentration of indoor PM2.5 in all rural households exceeded the World Health Organization(WHO)AQG recommended value of 25 μg/m3.Only 5%of households recorded daily average CO concentration which exceeded the WHO indoor air quality guideline value of 7 mg/m3.For the stove feeding methods,neither gravity feeding nor power feeding has a significant impact on household air pollution.For the heating type,the indoor pollutant concentration of RHS is higher than that of WHS,with significant differences(PM2.5:p=0.03,<0.05;CO:p=0.04,<0.05).Compared with raw coal and traditional biomass,there is no significant difference in the indoor PM2.5 of biomass clean heating,but there is a significant difference in the indoor CO.The laboratory test compared fugitive emission factors(EFs)of particulate matter with aerodynamic size less than 2.5 microns(PM2.5)and carbon monoxide(CO)of the power-feeding radiant heating stove(stove a)and gravity-feeding radiant heating stove(stove b).Fugitive emission factors of PM2.5 and CO of stove a were 2.7±1.1 mg/kg and 0.56±0.32 g/kg,respectively,and the corresponding EFs from stove b were 2.5±0.9 mg/kg and 0.33±0.08 g/kg.Generally,there is no significant difference in the fugitive emission factors of the two types of stoves.There is a significant difference between the high and low power of stove a(PM2.5:p=0.02,<0.05;CO:p=0.004,<0.05),the EF of high power is lower than that of low power;but there is no significant difference between high and low power of stove b.The EFPM2.5 and EFCO of humu wood pellets,mixed-wood pellets,cotton steam stalk pellets and mixed pellets were also compared.While the EFPM2.5 were 2.7±1.1,2.2±0.6,7.7±3.3,and 11.7±6.4 mg/kg,respectively,the corresponding EFco were 0.56±0.32,0.22±0.07,0.56±0.24,and 0.72±0.49g/kg.The lowest and highest EF was found for mixed-wood pellets and mixed pellets respectively,but there is no significant difference in the EFs of the fuels.All fuels in this study recorded lower EFs in the high-power combustion stage than in the low-power combustion stage,and there are significant differences(PM2.5:p=0.004,<0.05;CO:p=0.01,<0.05).Particle size distribution analysis showed that fugitive particulate matter is composed mainly of ultrafine particulate matter(PM0.1),accounting for 90%.And it is mainly concentrated around 0.01 μm.This study used a Monte Carlo single-area model to illustrate the impact of fugitive emissions on HAP.The indoor PM2.5 concentration estimated from different stove-fuel combinations was 165±59 μg/m3,and that of indoor CO concentration was 14±1 mg/m3.Comparing the results from both the field test and simulation,it was found that though the simulated PM2.5 emission concentration was consistent with the test results.The simulated CO value was higher than the test results.更多还原