【作者】 张杨；

【导师】 谭少华； 李进；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 城市规划（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 生活圈规划已经成为当前乃至未来一段时间社区规划建设的落脚点,对实现公共服务设施均化配置、满足居民对美化生活的向往和提高居民幸福感等方面具有重要意义,而生活圈范围的划定是生活圈规划的前置条件和技术难点^[1]。目前,在相关研究及实践中,基本采用人口规模、用地面积、自然条件、行政边界等控制要素划定社区生活圈范围。这些已有的方法存在割裂空间与居民行为的问题,导致生活圈范围与居民日常生活范围不相匹配。特别是在山地城市,受地形、地貌的影响,居民的日常生活习惯往往具有封闭性、方向性等特征,一般方法划定的生活圈很难匹配居民的日常活动范围。此外,当前已有的生活圈划法应用到山地城市极容易造成生活圈范围内包含多个台地,进而导致生活圈时空范围的失效。究其根本,是因为过去的研究常以“公共服务设施”或者“人”为研究对象,缺乏了对中间过程的研究,也就是步行的过程。基于此,本研究以居民日常步行出行的步行空间作为研究对象,总结梳理步行空间环境对居民出行影响的相关理论,深挖影响居民可接受步行出行距离和时间阈值的根本原因,借此构建一套适合山地社区生活圈范围划定的方法与模型,最后将山地城市居民日常步行出行目的点与本研究得出的方法与模型划定的生活圈范围进行对比分析,以验证方法与模型的可靠性。本文分为三大部分:第一部分由第一章、第二章构成,主要为研究背景与相关理论基础,主要介绍了本文的相关背景,并尝试构建了步行空间环境影响下的山地城市社区生活圈划定理论框架,以作为论文理论与实证分析的基础。第二部分由第三章、第四章构成,讨论了在生理与心理作用下的生活圈范围,并提出了基于步行空间环境的生活圈预测方法与模型。第三部分由第五章、第六章构成,主要将本文提出的划定方法划定的生活圈范围与居民日常生活目的地进行对比分析,验证本文提出的方法与模型是否科学合理,并在此基础上进行了总结,对未来进一步完善研究进行了展望。本文运用问卷调查、深度访谈、数理统计和空间分析等多种方法,尝试探索山地城市社区生活圈的划定。首先,通过对社区生活圈相关研究及实践总结发现:社区生活圈范围大小的基础依据是居民可接受的步行时间、距离阈值,并进一步发现影响居民步行时间、距离阈值的根源在于居民生理和心理疲劳,而步行空间环境则是影响居民步行生理和心理疲劳的主要物质空间要素。然后,通过理论推导的方法推导出了步行空间环境与居民生理疲劳之间的关系,并提出生理消耗视角下的生活圈范围修正模型;通过数理统计分析得出了步行空间环境与居民心理之间的关系,并提出心理感知视角下的生活圈修正模型。最后,选择具有山地特征的4个社区进行山地城市社区生活圈划定方法的可靠性验证。主要研究结果如下:（1）居民步行产生生理和心理疲劳影响居民步行时间、距离阈值进而影响社区生活圈范围。生理疲劳产生的原因在于人体能量的消耗。步行距离、步行空间崎岖程度会直接影响人体能量消耗。心理疲劳伴随着生理疲劳,其疲劳程度还会受到环境品质影响,而感知距离能够反映居民心理对环境的反应以及步行的意愿程度。（2）生理消耗视角下的生活圈范围修正模型:将人体能量消耗作为生理疲劳的直观反映,研究发现步行空间环境中的坡度是影响体能消耗、时间消耗的核心要素,并将某一步行空间范围内的步行能量消耗、时间消耗与同等实际空间距离的平地的能量消耗、时间消耗的比值称为能量消耗的等效系数、时间消耗的等效系数。推导构建出了能量消耗、步行速度（时间）与步行空间环境的关系模型。并进一步利用能量消耗、时间消耗等效系数模型提出生理消耗视角下的生活圈范围修正模型。（3）心理感知视角下的生活圈修正模型:将感知距离作为心理疲劳的直观反映,研究发现步行空间环境中的坡度、建筑可视率、天空可视率、通透界面占比、车行道数、与感知距离密切相关。将在某一步行空间内的感知距离与步行空间的实际空间距离的比值称为心理等效系数,并建立了心理等效系数与步行空间环境要素之间的关系模型。基于此提出心理感知视角下的山地城市社区生活圈范围修正模型。（4）山地城市社区生活圈范围划定结果分析。将以上划定模型应用到实际社区中,并与当前较为主流的社区生活圈划定方式划定的范围比较分析发现:本文提出的山地城市社区生活划定方式与居民步行出行更具有耦合性。本研究的主要创新点包括以下几个方面:（1）本文从步行空间环境的视角来研究生活圈范围的划定。转变了传统规划从时间、空间、管理的角度划定生活圈范围的方式;（2）本研究构建了步行空间环境影响下的山地城市社区生活圈划定理论及方法。建立了步行空间环境与能量消耗、时间消耗、感知距离之间的关系。同时通过等效系数的概念,搭建了能量消耗、时间消耗、感知距离等非实际空间与实际空间之间的联系,进而实现了步行空间环境与社区生活圈之间的联系。最后,本研究的样本多处于起伏较大的社区且调研时间主要集中在秋、冬季,缺乏了对山地城市相对平坦社区以及不同时节的研究。未来,希望进一步深化跨时空尺度分析,以期更科学合理的促进山地城市社区生活圈理论的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Life circle planning has become the foothold of community planning and construction at present and for some time in the future.It is of great significance for realizing the homogenization of public service facilities,satisfying residents’ yearning for beautification of life,and improving residents’ well-being.It must be a prerequisite and technical difficulty for life circle planning.At present,in related research and practice,control elements such as population size,land area,natural conditions,and administrative boundaries are basically used to delimit the scope of community living circles.These existing methods have the problem of separating space and residents’ behaviors,resulting in a mismatch between the scope of the living circle and the scope of residents’ daily life.Especially in mountainous cities,due to the influence of mountain topography,residents’ daily life habits often have the characteristics of closedness and directionality.It is difficult for the living circle defined by the general method to match the residents’ daily activity range.In addition,the application of the existing living circle planning method to mountain cities is extremely easy to cause the living circle to contain multiple terraces,which will lead to the invalidation of the time and space scope of the living circle.The fundamental reason is that past research often focused on "public service facilities" or "people",and lacked research on the intermediate process,that is,the process of walking.Based on this,this study takes the pedestrian space for residents’ daily walking trips as the research object,summarizes and combs the relevant theories about the impact of the walking space environment on residents’ travel,and digs into the root causes that affect the residents’ acceptable walking distance and time threshold to construct a Set up methods and models suitable for the delineation of the living circle in mountainous communities,and finally compare and analyze the purpose of daily walking trips of mountain city residents with the living circle defined by the method and model obtained in this study to verify the reliability of the method and model Sex.This article is divided into three parts: The first part is composed of the first and second chapters,mainly for the research background and related theoretical foundations.The content introduces the relevant background of this article,and tries to construct the life of the mountain city community under the influence of the walking space environment.The theoretical framework is delineated as the basis for the theoretical and empirical analysis of the thesis.The second part is composed of Chapter 3 and Chapter 4,discussing the research on the scope of the living circle under the physiological and psychological effects,and proposing the prediction method and model of the living circle based on the walking space environment.The third part is composed of chapters 5 and 6,which mainly compares and analyzes the scope of the living circle defined by the delimitation method proposed in this article and the scope of residents’ daily life,to verify whether the methods and models presented in this question are scientific and reasonable,and here On the basis of the summary,the prospects for further improvement of the research in the future are carried out.This article uses a variety of methods such as questionnaire surveys,in-depth interviews,mathematical statistics and spatial analysis to try to explore the delineation of community life circles in mountain cities.First of all,through a summary of the relevant research and practice of the community life circle,it is found that the size of the community life circle is based on the residents’ walking time and distance threshold.It is further discovered that the root cause of the residents’ walking time and distance threshold is the residents’ physical and psychological fatigue.The walking space environment is the main material space element that affects residents’ walking physiological and psychological fatigue.Then,through theoretical derivation,the relationship between the walking space environment and the residents’ physical fatigue is derived,and the living circle range correction model from the perspective of physiological consumption is proposed;through mathematical statistical analysis,the relationship between the walking space environment and the residents’ psychology is obtained.And proposed a revised model of the life circle from the perspective of psychological perception.Finally,four communities with mountain characteristics are selected to verify the reliability of the method for delineating the life circle of the mountain city community.The main findings are as follows:(1)Physiological and psychological fatigue caused by residents’ walking affects residents’ walking time,distance threshold,and then affects the range of community living circles.Physiological fatigue is caused by the energy consumption of the human body.The walking distance and the ruggedness of the walking space will directly affect the energy consumption of the human body.Mental fatigue is accompanied by physical fatigue,and the degree of fatigue is also affected by the quality of the environment,and the perceived distance can reflect the psychological reaction of residents to the environment and the willingness to walk.(2)The living circle range correction model from the perspective of physiological consumption: Taking human energy consumption as an intuitive reflection of physiological fatigue,the study found that the slope of the walking space environment is the core element that affects physical energy consumption and speed,and a certain walking space range The ratio of walking energy consumption,time consumption and equal energy consumption and time consumption of the same actual space distance is called the equivalent coefficient of energy consumption and the equivalent coefficient of time consumption.Derived and constructed a model of the relationship between energy consumption,walking speed(time)and walking space environment.And further use the energy consumption and time consumption equivalent coefficient model to propose a correction model of the living circle range from the perspective of physiological consumption.(3)The life circle correction model from the perspective of psychological perception:The perception distance is used as an intuitive reflection of psychological fatigue.The study found that the slope,building visibility,sky visibility,transparent interface ratio,and vehicle traffic in the walking space environment The number of channels is closely related to the perception distance.The ratio of the perceived distance in a certain walking space to the actual space distance of the walking space is called the psychological equivalent coefficient,and the relationship model between the psychological equivalent coefficient and the environmental elements of the walking space is established.Based on this,a modification of the living circle scope of mountainous city communities from the perspective of psychological perception is proposed.(4)Analysis of the results of the delimitation of the community living circle in Chongqing.Applying the above delineation model to actual communities,and comparing and analyzing the scope defined by the current more mainstream community life circle delineation methods,it is found that the community life delineation methods proposed in this paper are more coupled with residents’ walking trips.The main innovations of this research include the following aspects:(1)This article studies the delineation of the living circle from the perspective of pedestrian space environment.The traditional planning method of delimiting the living circle from the perspective of time,space,and management has been changed;(2)This research has constructed the theory and method of delimiting the living circle of mountainous city community under the influence of pedestrian space environment.The relationship between the walking space environment and energy consumption,time consumption,and perceived distance is established.At the same time,through the concept of equivalent coefficient,the connection between non-real space such as energy consumption,time consumption,and perceived distance and actual space is established,thereby realizing the connection between the walking space environment and the community living circle.Finally,the samples in this study are mostly in communities with large fluctuations and the survey time is mainly concentrated in winter,and there is a lack of research on relatively flat communities in mountainous cities and different seasons.In the future,I hope to further deepen the analysis across time and space scales in order to promote the development of the theory of mountain city community life circles more scientifically and rationally.更多还原