最低刑事责任年龄设定之研究

【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 陈伟强；

【作者基本信息】 昆明理工大学 ， 法律（非法学）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 青少年犯罪是世界各国发展过程中面临的难题,而刑事责任年龄问题则是影响青少年犯罪问题的重点。刑事责任年龄是刑法所规定的行为人应当为自己违法犯罪行为承担刑事法律所要求责任而划定的年龄范围。在我国最低刑事责任年龄的规定源远流长,探寻影响其设定的因素应当以史为介,从历史发展中寻根溯源。我国最低刑事责任年龄可以追溯到西周以乳牙退换界限、秦朝以身高为标准设定大小,在新中国成立后将其确定为十四周岁以上。世界各国历史文化不同、基本国情不同,继而最低刑事责任年龄的设定亦不同。在大陆法系国家中,德国坚守未成年人保护原则的价值选择;日本基于德国和美国法律的影响,最低刑事责任年龄的设定多从社会发展需要的实用主义予以考量。而英美法系国家不同,更偏向于追求形式正义,恶意补足年龄规则盛行。通过纵向分析和横向比较,能够廓清影响最低刑事责任年龄设定的因素,主要有三:历史传统文化之“恤幼”伦理基础、个体行为人之辨认和控制能力的法理依据、国家宽严相济和双向保护原则的刑事政策要素。基于此种分析模式,对关于最低刑事责任年龄设定问题在我国争议许久的三种学说(降低说、维持说、引入恶意补足年龄规则说)进行再审视,集百家之所长,汲取有益之经验。当前《刑法修正案(十一)》中对最低刑事责任年龄做出个别下调,是对未成年人犯罪现实情况的一种回应。但是,该规定尚不能完全符合司法实践之需求。青少年犯罪低龄化、手段暴力化,尤其针对低龄未成年人违法犯罪行为在强奸罪和抢劫罪的发展情势,未能作出有效应对。故此,最低刑事责任年龄个别下调的适用范围应当加入强奸罪(轮奸或致人死亡)、抢劫罪(致人死亡),针对问题病症,对症下药,才能实现刑事责任年龄制度应有的功能和价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Juvenile delincriminality is a difficult problem in the development process of all countries in the world,and the age of criminal responsibility is the focus of the problem affecting juvenile delincriminality.The age of criminal responsibility is the age range that the actors stipulated in the criminal law should bear the responsibility required by criminal law for their illegal and criminal acts.The minimum age of criminal responsibility in our country has a long history,and the factors that influence its setting should be introduced by history and traced back from the historical development.China’s minimum age of criminal responsibility can be traced back to the Western Zhou to milk teeth return boundary,Qin Dynasty to height as the standard size,after the founding of New China to determine it as 14 years of age or older.The history and culture of different countries in the world,the basic national conditions are different,and then the minimum age of criminal responsibility is set differently.In civil law countries,Germany adheres to the value choice of the principle of the protection of minors,and Japan’s minimum age of criminal responsibility is based on the influence of German and American law.And the anglo-American law countries are different,more in favor of the pursuit of formal justice,malicious complement age rules prevail.Through vertical analysis and horizontal comparison,the factors affecting the setting of the minimum age of criminal responsibility can be clarified,there are three main factors: the ethical basis of "child-care" in traditional culture,the legal basis of the identification and control ability of individual actors,the criminal policy elements of the principle of state leniency and two-way protection.Based on this mode of analysis,the three theo schools on the setting of the minimum age of criminal responsibility have been controversial in our country for a long time(reducing,maintaining and introducing the malicious age supplement rule)and re-examine the useful experience gained by the directors of hundreds of family.The current Amendment to the Criminal Law(11)makes individual reductions to the minimum age of criminal responsibility,which is a response to the reality of juvenile delincriminality.However,this provision is not yet fully in line with the needs of judicial practice.The juvenile delinquency is young and violent,especially in view of the development of rape and robbery,especially for the juvenile delinquency.Therefore,the minimum age of criminal responsibility should be reduced to the scope of application of the crime of rape(gang rape or death),robbery(death),for the problem of illness,medicine,in order to achieve the age of criminal responsibility system should be functional and value.更多还原