【作者】 张琴；

【导师】 郭宾；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 艺术学理论， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 “审美无利害”作为美学中有关审美态度的重要理论命题,学术界一般认为是康德在《判断力批判》中首次提出并影响了近现代西方美学关于审美态度的讨论与发展。这一命题强调了人们在审美活动中获得的审美愉悦,是和审美主体自身的任何欲望、功利观念没有关系的,同时也和审美客体在现实生活中的一些实际功用利益无关,人们是在不涉欲念和利害计较、不含目的的、纯粹的审美鉴赏活动中获得的情感愉悦。而在康德之后的、现代美学过渡时期的、推动哲学思潮从理性主义向意志主义转折的主观唯心论者——叔本华,在康德的“审美无利害”思想基础上,发展了自己的意志哲学理论,从纯粹的审美直观角度进一步继承了无利害的相关美学思想,只是与康德不同的地方在于,叔本华对哲学美学的思考是站在绝对的非理性层面上展开的,并且结合自己意志哲学和悲观主义在艺术审美的美学层面上提出了艺术具有救赎人类缓解痛苦的哲学美学价值,对之后西方近现代主观唯心主义的主体论美学产生了重要影响。本论文的主要目的在于以“审美无利害”这一美学思想为线索,探讨叔本华与康德在全然不同的哲学基础下对同一美学命题的相关解读,以此揭示叔本华主观意志哲学下美学的重要意义,不止是人们单纯地欣赏美产生愉快的情感,更关键地是美学承担着拯救哲学的责任,艺术审美起着超越生命意志、救赎人生痛苦的重大作用。然而,“无利害”的美学思想并不是起于康德,即我们要想对这一命题有追本溯源的考察,应从古希腊时期开始,在柏拉图和亚里士多德那里就已经开始了对美的本质的思考,关于美善的讨论中夹杂着利害关系的论述。故本文的整体写作思路已经确定,即围绕“无利害”的美学思想,先从古希腊、中世纪到十八世纪英国经验派美学家的相关哲学美学讨论中寻找蛛丝马迹,整理对美的不同角度的分析观点,从美对形而上、神学、宗教力量的依赖,到十八世纪的关注主体自身、于感性情感方面探讨美的不涉利害的问题,都帮助我们更好地了解这一美学思想前后的发展变化。到叔本华与康德“无利害”美学思想的批判讨论时,本文重点选取了二人在艺术审美问题上有关“无利害”思想的讨论,对审美活动中的纯粹性、无利害性进行对比分析,考虑到叔本华对音乐高度热爱重视的美学思想,文中对康德艺术问题的探究也主要集中在音乐上,以此从音乐审美的角度观看叔本华对康德“无利害”思想的批判继承,思考二人不同哲学背景下对艺术音乐的不同审美价值判断,揭示叔本华的艺术理论对哲学意志上的盲目追求的解脱之用。在叔本华对艺术有救赎人生的作用的讨论下,本文期望能够从音乐角度尽量客观全面地考察叔本华审美的哲学体现,把握艺术审美对摆脱人生痛苦、实现人生自由的内涵。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important theoretical proposition of aesthetic attitude in aesthetics,"Aesthetic Disinterestedness" is generally considered by the academic circles to be the first one put forward by Kant in Critique of judgment,which has influenced the discussion and development of aesthetic attitude in modern western aesthetics.This proposition emphasizes that the pleasure of aesthetic feeling obtained by people in aesthetic activities has nothing to do with any desire and utilitarian concept of the aesthetic subject,and has nothing to do with some practical functional values of the aesthetic object in real life.People get emotional pleasure in pure aesthetic appreciation activities that do not involve desire and interest,and do not contain purpose.Schopenhauer,the subjective idealist who promoted the transition of philosophy from rationalism to voluntarism after Kant and in the transitional period of modern aesthetics,developed his own theory of will philosophy on the basis of Kant’s thought of "Aesthetic Disinterestedness",and further inherited the relevant aesthetic thought of disinterestedness from the perspective of pure aesthetic intuition,which is only different from Kant The reason is that Schopenhauer’s thinking on philosophical aesthetics is based on the absolute irrationality,and combined with his own will philosophy and pessimism,he put forward that art has the philosophical aesthetic value of redeeming human beings and alleviating pain,which has an important impact on the subjectivity aesthetics of western modern subjective idealism.The goal of this paper is to explore Schopenhauer’s and Kant’s interpretation of the same aesthetic proposition on the basis of completely different philosophies with the clue of " Aesthetic Disinterestedness ",so as to reveal the important significance of Schopenhauer’s Aesthetics under the philosophy of subjective will.It is not only that people simply appreciate beauty and produce happy emotions,but also that aesthetics bears the responsibility of saving philosophy Responsibility,art aesthetic plays an important role in transcending the will of life and redeeming the pain of life.However,the aesthetic thought of "disinterestedness" does not originate from Kant,that is,if we want to trace the origin of this proposition,we should start from the ancient Greek period,Plato and Aristotle have begun to think about the essence of beauty,and the discussion about beauty and good is mixed with the discussion of interest.Therefore,the overall writing idea of this paper has been determined,that is,around the " disinterestedness" aesthetic thought,first from the ancient Greece,the British empiricist’s discussion of philosophy and aesthetics to find clues,sort out the different perspectives of the analysis of beauty,from the dependence of beauty on metaphysics,theology and religious forces,to the concern of the subject itself and feeling in the 18 th century In the aspect of emotion,the discussion of beauty is not related to interests,which helps us better understand the development and changes of this aesthetic thought.In the critical discussion of Schopenhauer’s and Kant’s "disinterestedness" aesthetic thoughts,this artical focuses on the discussion of their " disinterestedness " aesthetic thoughts,and makes a comparative analysis of the purity and disinterested in aesthetic activities.Considering Schopenhauer’s high love of music,the exploration of Kant’s artistic problems is mainly focused on music In this paper,from the perspective of music aesthetics,we can see Schopenhauer’s critical inheritance of Kant’s " disinterestedness " thought,think about their different aesthetic value judgments of Art Music under different philosophical backgrounds,and reveal the liberation of Schopenhauer’s art theory from the blind pursuit of philosophical will.Under the discussion of Schopenhauer’s role in art’s redemption of life,this paper hopes to objectively and comprehensively investigate Schopenhauer’s philosophical embodiment of aesthetics from the perspective of music,and grasp the connotation of art aesthetics to get rid of the pain of life and realize the freedom of life.更多还原