【作者】 李瑞金；

【导师】 乔松林；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 西方传入的社会控制思想理论相对于中国古代历史研究来说,是一个较为新颖的概念,但却完全不陌生。中国古代统治思想的核心不外乎如何进行国家治理和社会控制。先秦时期,诸子百家就已经对如何治理国家、加强社会控制进而维护社会秩序纷纷提出自己的主张。入汉之后,为实现统治的世代延续和社会的长治久安,统治者对国家治理和社会控制进行思想上的变革,经董仲舒改革后的“儒家”学说成为社会控制思想的主体。东汉建立后,作为汉统的继承者,儒家学说仍被统治者作为主导思想进行社会控制,但却没有得到进一步的完善,反而随着儒学的神学化和经学化日益僵化、失效。所以,本文以儒家学说为中心,来探讨东汉不同时期、不同政局之下,不同形态的儒家思想在维护社会秩序上的效果与力度。首先,东汉初期“神学化”的儒家学说谶纬对刘秀政权合法性的构建提供了理论基础。在混战之中建立起的东汉王朝,面对的是王莽改制和农民起义遗留的残破社会。因此东汉初年统治者首先要解决的问题就是政权合法性的确立和社会秩序的重建。两汉之际社会上谶纬思潮的流行为东汉政权合法性的构建提供了理论基础。刘秀统一天下后,颁布“图谶于天下”,以官方手段将神秘的谶纬思想合法化,以安天下,笼络民心。其次,东汉中期在帝王对儒学的推崇和儒学社会化下,儒家社会控制思想得以确立。受西汉儒学倡兴的影响,东汉建立后,光武帝刘秀大力提倡儒学教育,其后在明帝和章帝的进一步推崇之下,儒家道德教化深入社会,自上而下形成一张严密的道德教化网,儒学社会得以呈现。章帝时,白虎观会议的召开,以“国宪”的形式确立了儒家伦理道德的社会控制思想,对东汉的社会秩序进行了重新定位,用“三纲六纪”来调整和规范社会关系,以“礼乐教化”来控制民众,“移风易俗”,维护社会的和谐有序。再次,东汉中后期由于政治失序以及“经学化”儒学的僵化导致儒学出现信仰危机。汉章帝之后,《白虎通义》所构建的理想社会秩序并没有如愿实现。自和帝起,东汉统治集团内部陷入激烈的权力争夺漩涡,戚宦专权,政治黑暗。国家意识形态产生危机,谶纬解经泛滥,儒学的神学化走向极端而遭到士人质疑;儒学成为功利之学,士人伦理价值观念僵化,社会上儒家传统的道德伦理观念亦淡化。一些坚守儒家崇高伦理道德的士人,在党锢之祸中遭受打击,对儒学产生信仰危机,传统儒学所构建起来的理想主义遭遇挫折。最后,东汉末年儒家社会控制思想日益失效。东汉中后期以来,随着皇权的式微和儒家伦理价值观念的僵化,士人的政治情感发生变化,“忠君”观念淡化,儒家社会控制思想逐渐失效,大批士人站在朝廷的对立面,非议朝政,处士横议。党祸之后,儒士精神世界受到重创,儒家思想衰微。失去精神支柱的有识之士重拾法家刑名之学,提出用严刑峻法来整治社会秩序,加强社会控制,主张“德刑并举”的治国之道和“重赏深罚”的社会治理机制。但是,儒士们的这种“反思”并未扭转儒学自身的僵化倾向,也并未对当权者产生多大的思想冲击。儒家学说作为国家统治思想,失去了其应有的社会控制效能。民心背离,国家分裂,东汉王朝走向覆灭。更多还原

【Abstract】 The theory of social control introduced in the West is a younger concept than the study of ancient Chinese history,but it is no stranger.The core of ancient Chinese ruling thought is nothing more than how to carry out national governance and social control.In the pre-Qin period,hundreds of schools of thought had put forward their own opinions on how to govern the country,strengthen social control and maintain social order.After entering the Han Dynasty,in order to realize the continuity of the rule and the long-term stability of the society,the rulers carried on the ideological change to the national governance and the social control,and the "Confucianism" theory after Dong Zhongshu’s reform became the main body of the social control thought.After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty,as the successor of the Han Dynasty,Confucianism was still controlled by the rulers as the dominant ideology.But it has not been further improved,but with the theology of Confucianism and the increasingly rigid and ineffective.Therefore,this paper takes Confucianism as the center to explore the effect and strength of Confucianism in maintaining social order in different periods,different political situations and different forms of Confucianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Firstly,in the early Eastern Han Dynasty,divination,"theological" Confucianism,constructed the legitimacy of Liu Xiu’s regime.The Eastern Han Dynasty established in the melee was faced with the broken society left by Wang Mang’s reform and peasant uprising.Therefore,the first problem to be solved by the rulers in the early Eastern Han Dynasty is the establishment of political legitimacy and the reconstruction of social order.During the Han Dynasty,the popularity of divination ideology provided a theoretical basis for the construction of the legitimacy of the Eastern Han Dynasty.After Liu Xiu unifies the world,he promulgated "divination in the world",and legalizes the mysterious divination ideology by official means,so as to secure the world and win the hearts of the people.Secondly,in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty,under the emperor’s praise of Confucianism and the socialization of Confucianism,the thought of Confucian social control was established.Influenced by the promotion of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty,Liu Xiu,Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty,strongly advocated Confucianism education.Later,with the further promotion of Emperor Ming and Emperor Zhang,Confucian moral education went deep into society and formed a strict moral education network from top to bottom,and the confucian society can be presented.During the reign of Emperor Zhang,the White Tiger View Conference established the social control thought of Confucian ethics in the form of "National Constitution ",repositioned the social order of the Eastern Han Dynasty,adjusted and regulated the social relations with "three cardinal guides and six disciplines",controlled the people with "rites and music education",changed customs and maintained social harmony and order.Thirdly,in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty,due to the political disorder and the rigidity of "Confucian classics",Confucianism appeared belief crisis.After Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty,the ideal social order constructed by Bai Hu Tong yi did not come ture.Since emperor He,the ruling group of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been in a whirlpool of fierce power struggle,relatives of a emperor on the side of his mother or wife and eunuchs manipulated the politics,the politics began to darken.There are more and more phenomena to explain Confucian classics with divination,the national ideology is in crisis,and the extreme theology of Confucianism were questioned by scholars;Confucianism has become utilitarian,scholars’ eyhical values have become rigid,and the traditional moral and ethical concepts of Confucianism in society have also been weakened.Some scholars who stick to the noble ethics and morality of Confucianism have been hit in the disaster of Party imprisonment,Confucianism has a crisis of faith,and idealism constructed by traditional Confucianism has encountered setbacks.Finally,in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the Confucian social control thought was invalid.Since the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty,with the decline of imperial power and the rigid Confucian ethical values,the political feelings of scholars have changed.The concept of loyalty to the monarch has weakened,and the Confucian social control ideology has gradually lapsed.A large number of scholars stood on the opposite side of the imperial court,criticizing the government and discussing it.After the party disaster,the spiritual world of the Confucian scholars was severely damaged,and the Confucianism declined.The men of insight who lost their spiritual support regained the Legalists’ theory of the name of punishment,proposed to use severe punishment to rectify social order,strengthen social control,and advocated the way of governing the country with "both morality and punishment" and the social governance mechanism of "heavy reward and deep punishment”.However,this kind of "reflection" of the Confucians did not reverse the rigid tendency of Confucianism itself,and did not produce much ideological impact on those in power.As a state ruling ideology,Confucianism has lost its due social control efficiency.The people’s will deviated,the country split,and the Eastern Han Dynasty went to collapse.更多还原