【作者】 李敏；

【导师】 杜睿哲； 刘晶；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 法律硕士（法学）（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 在医学领域,特殊体质的概念是指身体机能异于常人的身体状态,而在侵权法领域上这种异于常人身体状况的导致因素主要有遗传因素或严重疾病等,指身体机能或心理状态弱于常人的体质状况而不包括强于常人体质的情况。由于特殊体质的受害人比正常人的身体素质低,承受风险的能力也会降低,当他人实施加害行为时,加害行为与受害人的特殊体质共同造成的损害比加害行为实施在正常人身上造成的损害更为严重。我国目前尚未存在关于特殊体质受害人损害赔偿方面的规定,而且在学术界和实务界都没有形成统一的定论,导致在司法实践中关于此方面案件的裁判依据不一,处理情况不同。随着此类案件的频发,案件审理的情况受到社会各界的关注,最高人民法院发布的第六批指导案例中的第24号案例,对司法实践中审理特殊体质受害人侵权责任案件产生了一定的指导意义,改善了相关案件的审判情况。现实生活情况复杂多变导致每个案件都有其特别之处,第24号指导案例在理论说理、裁判角度等方面的不足渐渐的显露出来,许多法院在裁判案件时拒绝对此适用,导致特殊体质受害人损害赔偿问题的解决迫在眉睫。本人对我国近几年关于特殊体质侵权案件的司法裁判现状进行了分析,也搜集到域外其他国家关于特殊体质侵权的相关理论,发现一些法官在处理这些问题时,不管是适用“蛋壳脑袋”规则还是从因果关系的角度分析时,只是简单的在理论的层面进行分析,得出“有或没有因果关系”的结论,但是在具体的损害赔偿方面的说理少之又少,这种“存在因果关系亦或不存在因果关系”的解决方式无法应对复杂多变的具体案件事实。分析特殊体质与损害结果之间的因果关系固然重要,但是在分析完因果关系后并不意味者加害人要理所应当地承担或减轻相应法律责任,因为加害人承担侵权责任考虑的因素不仅仅只有因果关系这一个要件,还要考虑其他规则和因素。因此,本文章的后半部分还探讨了其他在归责时考虑的价值因素,比如如何使损害承担较为公平即考虑公平原则,如何把握受害人行为自由和责任减轻之间的程度,不能过分的限制受害人的行为,也不能让受害人利用自己的“特殊体质”而使加害人承担过重的责任。综上,首先对在侵权法律关系、当事人主观过错等侵权责任要件进行考虑,然后综合考虑权益保护、公平分配损害、保障行为自由、预防损害的效率等因素,对受害人特殊体质和侵权责任承担进行类型化构建,以期应对复杂的现实情况。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the medical field,the concept of special physique means that the physical function is different from the physical state of ordinary people.In the field of tort law,the leading factors that are different from the physical condition of ordinary people are mainly genetic factors or serious diseases,which refers to weak physical function or mental state.The physical condition of an ordinary person does not include conditions that are stronger than that of an ordinary person’s constitution.Because victims with special constitutions have lower physical fitness than normal people,their ability to withstand risks will also be reduced.When others commit harm,the harm caused by the harming behavior and the victim’s special physique will cause more damage than the harm done to normal people.The damage caused is more serious.my country does not currently have provisions on the compensation of damages for victims of special physique,and there is no unified conclusion in the academic and practical circles,resulting in different judgments and different handling situations in judicial practice.With the frequent occurrence of such cases,the situation of case trials has attracted attention from all walks of life.Case No.24 in the sixth batch of guiding cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court has given rise to the trial of tort liability cases for victims of special constitutions in judicial practice.Certain guiding significance has improved the trial situation of related cases.Real life situations are complex and changeable,and each case has its own special features.Guiding Case No.24 has its deficiencies in theoretical reasoning and adjudication angles.Many courts have refused to apply this in adjudication cases,resulting in special physiques.The solution to the problem of damage compensation for victims is imminent.I have analyzed the status quo of judicial judgments concerning special constitution infringement cases in China in recent years,and have also collected relevant theories on special constitution infringements in other countries outside the territory,and found that some judges deal with these issues regardless of whether it is "egg shell head".When the rules are still analyzed from the perspective of causality,they simply analyze at the theoretical level and come to the conclusion of "with or without causation",but there is very little reason for the specific damage compensation.This kind of "or" The solution of "causality and or no causation" is unable to deal with the complex and changeable facts of specific cases.Analyzing the causal relationship between the special physique and the damage result is certainly important,but after analyzing the causal relationship,it does not mean that the perpetrator should bear or reduce the corresponding legal liability as it should,because the perpetrator takes the tort liability for more than just factors.There is only one element of causality,and other rules and factors must be considered.Therefore,the second half of this article also discusses other value factors that are considered in imputation,such as how to make the burden of damage fairer,that is,to consider the principle of fairness,and how to grasp the degree of freedom of the victim’s behavior and the reduction of responsibility.It should not be excessive.Restricting the victim’s behavior should not allow the victim to use his "special physique" to make the perpetrator bear excessive responsibilities.In summary,first consider the tort liability requirements such as the legal relationship of infringement and the subjective fault of the parties,and then comprehensively consider the protection of rights and interests,the fair distribution of damage,the protection of freedom of action,the efficiency of damage prevention and other factors,and the special constitution and tort liability of the victim shall be assumed Carry out typified construction in order to deal with complex realities.更多还原