【作者】 张婷；

【导师】 岳树梅； 杨永华；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 随着现代科技的进步、贸易全球化的发展,国际货物贸易环境日益复杂,突发事件、意外事故越来越频发,国际货物买卖的履行与发展面临着更多风险与不稳定性,如2020年突发的新冠肺炎疫情影响了许多国际货物买卖合同履约进程。针对此类风险,合同中不可抗力条款的重要性更加凸显,以便合理分配风险损失及平衡当事人利益。尽管许多合同都含有不可抗力条款,但目前对于如何解释及运用不可抗力条款还存在许多问题。本文以不可抗力条款入手,理清其与法定不可抗力规则的关系,结合立法、司法和国际商事实践,采比较分析、规范分析等方法探讨不可抗力条款的效力及适用,在此基础上提出完善不可抗力条款法律地位及法律适用问题的建议。本文分为五个部分:第一部分对国际货物买卖合同不可抗力条款概述。本部分首先界定不可抗力条款的概念,区别于法定不可抗力规则;接着介绍国际货物买卖合同实践中不可抗力条款涵盖的订立方式,强调不可抗力条款基于意思自治和合同正义的法理基础,具有独立的价值与意义。此外探讨了不可抗力条款不同于合同免责条款、情势变更条款,但两组关系在某种程度上又存在交叉。第二部分梳理不可抗力条款的内容。本部分梳理了国际统一实体法与相关国内立法及国际货物买卖合同实践中不可抗力条款的基本内容,一般包括不可抗力的概念和范围、不可抗力发生后双方权利义务的安排、不可抗力的法律后果与救济措施。同时对列举事件的性质、通知义务的要求等子内容作了分析,强调基于意思自治原则,合同当事人对这些内容都有进一步严格约定或减损的权利,除了一些国家的强制性法定不可抗力规则。第三部分讨论不可抗力条款效力认定实践。本部分首先介绍国际货物买卖合同条款效力认定实践,从国际公约、大陆法系、英美法系三个角度分析对不可抗力条款效力的认定。第四部分分析不可抗力条款法律适用实践。本部分通过选取国内外司法实践不可抗力条款适用过程中经常发生却较少被研究的三个关键问题进行了理论与案例分析研究,总结出裁判认定过程中所考虑的相关因素。这三个问题分别是不可抗力的认定——如何认定落入约定事件清单往外的事件、因果关系的认定以及通知义务与合同解除权行使合理期限的界定。第五部分完善不可抗力条款适用性的法律对策。基于前面四部分的理论与实践分析,要进一步完善不可抗力条款适用性,本文认为,首先,在立法层面要完善不可抗力条款的法律地位及相关规定,承认不可抗力条款的有效性。其次,在法律实践层面,要尊重合同意思自治,准确理解不同法域不可抗力规则及类似规定。最后,在合同约定层面,贸易当事人要增强风险防范意识,约定明确细致的不可抗力条款,增强条款适用的稳定性与可预测性。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of modern technology and trade globalization,the international trade environment of goods is increasingly complex and the fulfillment of the contract for international sale of goods are facing with more risks and instability,such as the COVID-19 impeding the performance of many contracts.In response to analogic risks,the importance of force majeure clause in a contract has become more prominent which is to reasonably distribute the risk and loss and balance the two parties’ interests.Although many contracts include the force majeure clause,there still a lot of questions on how to interpret and apply this kind of clause.The paper starts with the agreed force majeure clause to clarify its relationship with the statutory force majeure rule and study the calidity and application of the force majeure clause by using comparative analysis,normative analysis and other methods in a comprehensive view.On the basis,put forward some suggestions on improving the legal status and application of force majeure clause.The agreed force majeure clause is different from the statutory force majeure rule.In most jurisdictions,the statutory force majeure rule is not mandatory,thus the parties is entitled to independently draw up specific content in the clause.Generally speaking,a complete force majeure clause should have the concept,list of events,arrangements of rights and obligations after force majeure,legal consequences,relief measures,etc.The more detailed the agreement,the clearer the rights and obligations.When examing whether the accident cannot be avoided or overcome,in practice,the focus is on if there is a commercially reasonable alternative performance of the contract.Concerning the causality,there are two main points.The non-perfomance of the contact should only result from the force majeure and there’s no chance to get exemption when there has been a breach of contract before the impediment happens.Finally,the reasonale time is determined case by case.The judge or arbitrator may comprehensively take various factors into account,such as the nature of the subject matter,the purpose of the contract,the objective technical conditions.At the legislative level,it is necessary to continuously improve the relevant rules of statutory force majeure,for instance Article 79 of CISG.The PRC Contract Law can clearly stipulate the legal status of force majeure clauses to provide a legal basis for the application for judges or arbitral tribunals.The force majeure clause is an independent arrangement of the parties to the future risk based on Parties Autonomy.Therefore,an agreed fully one should be presumed to be valid unless there exists invalid grounds and the judge or arbitrator shall analysis cases from the perspective of the force majeure clause.Meanwhile,commercial parties shall increase the leagal awareness and fully consider the possible risk and own interests in advance when drafting a detailed force majeure clause.In this way,we can better enhance the certainty of contractual performance,deal with disputes,adapt to the international environment.更多还原