【作者】 张晓；

【导师】 张宝峰；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 体育（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 竞技年龄反映了运动员运动生涯的持续时间和最佳竞技状态的保持时间和质量。本文主要运用文献资料法、信息研究法、比较分析法和数理统计法等研究方法,利用计算机python语言自编的采集软件采集相关数据,通过数据分析软件SPSS26.0对2001-2019年世界田联优秀运动员的相关数据和信息进行分析,分析了中外优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄特征与变化趋势;探讨了竞技年龄与运动成绩的关系。分析影响运动员竞技年龄的因素,提出有利于延长我国优秀运动员竞技年龄和提高运动成绩的相关建议,通过分析得出以下研究结果:1.现阶段就竞技年龄的特征而言,同性别的世界运动员大于中国;中国女子普遍小于男子,世界优秀运动员则与之相反;田赛项目普遍大于径赛项目;世界优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄区间大于中国优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄区间。我国优秀田径运动员主要集中在20-25岁这一年龄区间,世界优秀田径运动员主要集中在25-30岁这一年龄区间。2.世界男子优秀田径运动员各亚类项群的竞技年龄表现为以下规律特征,中长跑类项目<短跑类项目<跳跃类项目<跨栏类项目<竞走类项目<马拉松项目<投掷类项目。世界女子表现为,短跑类项目<竞走类项目<中长跑类项目<跨栏类项目<跳跃类项目<投掷类项目<马拉松项目。3.中国男子优秀田径运动员各亚类项群的竞技年龄表现为以下规律特征,短跑类项目<中长跑类项目<跳跃类项目<跨栏类项目<竞走类项目<马拉松项目<投掷类项目;中国女子表现为,短跑类项目<中长跑类项目<跳跃类项目<跨栏类项目<竞走类项目<投掷类项目<马拉松项目。4.我国跳跃类项目、竞走类项目的运动成绩与世界相比差距正逐渐缩小,而其他亚类项群的差距没有发生较大改变,甚至大多数亚类项群出现差距拉大的现象。通过研究得出以下结论:1.中国和世界优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄分别处于“全面发育成熟期”的前半段和后半段;中国和世界优秀运动员的竞技年龄分别呈现出“大龄化”与“年轻化”的趋势;我国优秀田径运动员的年龄结构逐渐获得优化,竞技年龄过小的现象正在逐渐改善,与世界优秀运动员相比仍然偏小,依旧存在一定差距,特别是我国的女子运动员,且我国男子优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄的发展态势要优于我国女子。2.中国和世界优秀田径运动员的竞技年龄均存在明显的项目差异,表现为马拉松项目和投掷类项目运动员的竞技年龄普遍较大,而短跑类项目和中长跑类项目优秀运动员的竞技年龄普遍偏小。3.近19年来,我国优秀田径运动员的总体竞技水平与世界相比差距并没有缩小,除了竞走类项目和跳跃类项目外,我国优秀运动员的运动成绩与世界相比差距进一步拉大,竞技年龄的增大并没有带动运动成绩差距的减小。4.我国优秀运动员的竞技年龄存在明显的“全运效应”,即全运会当年我国优秀运动员的平均竞技年龄达到两届奥运会之间的最高点;全运会在两届奥运会周期内起着承上启下的关键作用,也是助力运动员竞技年龄“大龄化”的重要驱动力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Competitive age reflects the duration of athletes’ sports career and the time and quality of keeping the best competitive state.This paper mainly uses the methods of literature review,information research,comparative analysis and mathematical statistics to collect the relevant data by using the acquisition software compiled by the computer Python language.Through the data analysis software spss26.0,this paper analyzes the relevant data and information of the outstanding athletes of the World Athletics Federation from 2001 to 2019,This paper analyzes the competitive age characteristics anLd changing trend of Chinese and foreign elite track and field athletes;This paper discusses the relationship between competitive age and sports performance.This paper analyzes the factors that affect the competitive age of athletes,and puts forward some suggestions to prolong the competitive age of Chinese elite athletes and improve their performance.The results are as follows:1.At present,in terms of the characteristics of competitive age,the world athletes of the same sex are larger than those of China;Chinese women are generally smaller than men,while the world’s top athletes are on the contrary;Field events are generally larger than track events;The competitive age range of the world’s elite track and field athletes is larger than that of the Chinese elite track and field athletes.China’s excellent track and field athletes are mainly concentrated in the age range of 20-25,and the world’s excellent track and field athletes are mainly concentrated in the age range of 25-30.2.The competitive age of the world’s elite male track and field athletes in various sub categories shows the following characteristics:middle and long distance running<sprint<jumping<hurdle<walking<marathon<throwing.The world women’s performance is:sprint<race walking<middle distance running<hurdle<jumping<throwing<marathon.3.The competitive age of Chinese elite male track and field athletes shows the following characteristics:sprint<middle and long distance running<jumping<hurdle<walking<marathon<throwing;Chinese women’s performance is as follows:sprint<middle and long distance running<jumping<hurdle<walking<throwing<marathon.4.Compared with the world,the gap of jumping events and race walking events in China is gradually narrowing,while the gap of other sub groups has not changed greatly,even the gap of most sub groups is widening.The conclusions are as follows:1.The competitive age of Chinese and world elite track and field athletes is in the first half and the second half of the "full development and maturity period" respectively;The competitive age of Chinese and world elite athletes shows the trend of "older" and"younger" respectively;The age structure of China’s elite track and field athletes has been gradually optimized,and the phenomenon of too young competitive age is gradually improving.Compared with the world’s elite athletes,it is still small,and there is still a certain gap,especially for China’s female athletes,and the competitive age development trend of China’s male elite track and field athletes is better than that of China’s female athletes.2.There are obvious differences in competitive age between Chinese and world elite track and field athletes,which shows that the competitive age of Marathon and throwing athletes is generally larger,while the competitive age of sprinters and middle and long distance runners is generally smaller.3.In recent 19 years,the gap between the overall competitive level of China’s excellent track and field athletes and the world has not narrowed.In addition to walking and jumping events,the gap between the performance of China’s excellent athletes and the world has further widened,and the increase of competitive age has not led to the decrease of the performance gap.4.There is an obvious "All Games effect" in the competitive age of Chinese elite athletes,that is,the average competitive age of Chinese elite athletes in the year of the National Games reaches the highest point between the two Olympic Games;The National Games in the two Olympic Games cycle plays a key role in connecting the preceding and the following,but also an important driving force to help athletes’competitive age "aging".更多还原