【作者】 刘阳；

【导师】 谢员；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 应用心理（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 我国是教育大国,每年都约有1千万左右的高中生参加高考,为国家未来的发展输送适合的人才。国务院于2014年9月颁布了《关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见》,这预示着国家启动了新—轮高考综合改革。新高考背景下,由于高中文理科数学内容的差异,很多学生因为畏惧理工类科目的数学难度,而去选择文史类科目作为高考科目。国家拟通过高考改革增加理科考生比例,但是适得其反,个别省份甚至出现了理科萎缩的情况。亚克曼的金字塔模型理论认为:数学是其他学科的基础。国外相关研究基于社会职业认知理论模型发现:中学生的数学自我效能感会对其数学成绩产生很大的影响,数学成绩的好坏会影响未来学生在STEM领域能否取得成就。我国学者也进行了相关研究,并且发现中学生较高的数学自我效能感往往伴随着较好的数学成绩。社会职业认知理论模型同时也认为对个体择业而言,个人的特征、社会与经济的相关因素、以及过往的学习经验会通过自我效能感对个体的职业选择产生重大影响。该模型中,社会支持作为重要的环境变量,亦会对个体的决策产生影响作用,例如,来自周围人的社会支持可以帮助学生更好的应对学习中的各种困难、提高学习信心等。与此同时,传统观念认为女生更适合文史类科目,男生更适合理工类科目的观念一直都存在,各种现实情况也表明,理工类班级的女生远远少于文史类班级的女生。基于此,本研究主要探讨数学社会支持对中学生选择理工类科目作为高考科目(以下简称高考选理工科)的影响和数学自我效能感在其中的中介作用,以及学科—性别刻板印象作为对数学自我效能感和高考选理工科之间关系的调节作用。研究使用问卷法,通过问卷星收集了安徽、福建、山东、江西等地的8所中学的高一年级学生共605份原始数据,其中有效问卷440份,使用SPSS25.0以及宏程序process、Amos21.0对数据进行分析,结果发现:1、数学社会支持并不能影响中学生高考选理工科(B=-0.0047,t=-0.7818,p>0.05),但是数学社会支持可以正向影响学生的数学自我效能感(B=0.0998,t=5.5557,p<0.001),具体来说,数学社会支持不会对学生的选科结果产生直接影响,但是可以对数学自我效能感产生影响。2、数学自我效能感正向影响中学生高考选理工科(B=0.0931,t=6.0634,p<0.001),并且当数学自我效能感作为中介变量加入模型后,数学社会支持可以通过正向影响数学自我效能感(B=0.0998,t=5.5557,p<0.001)进而正向影响中学生高考选理工科(B=0.0931,t=6.0634,p<0.001)。具体来说,学生的数学自我效能感越高,学生越有可能高考选理工科,数学社会支持虽然不能直接对高考选理工科产生影响,但是可以通过影响学生的数学自我效能感进从而对学生高考选理工科产生影响。3、学科—性别刻板印象在数学自我效能感对高考选理工科的影响机制过程中未能起到调节作用(B=0.0001,t=0.0332,p>0.05)。具体来说,对于传统观念,女生更适合文史类、男生更适合理工类这种观念并不能对学生的数学自我效能感产生显著影响,从而负向影响学生选择理工类科目最为高考科目。4、学科—性别刻板印象方面存在显著性别差异,男性显著低于女性(t=-3.326,p<0.01)。因而,当学生获得较多的数学社会支持时,可以促进学生的数学自我效能感的提升,从而促进学生坚定高考选理工科,而学科—性别刻板印象未能对学生高考选理工科目产生影响。因此,本研究的结果对于提高中学生选择理工类科目的比例、提高中学的本科达本率、甚至为国家输送大量的STEM领域后备人才都具有意义,同时也在提醒广大教师、父母,要多多给予学生支持,尤其是数学方面的支持,才能提高学生的数学自我效能感,进而促进学生能够在STEM领域取得成就,为国家的科技发展提供有力的后浪。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a big country in education.Every year,about 10 million high school students take the college entrance examination,preparing suitable talents for the country’s future development.In September 2014,the State Council issued the Implementation Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Examination and Enrollment System,which marked the start of a new round of comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination.Under the background of the new college entrance examination,due to the differences in mathematics content between science and arts in high schools,many students choose the literature and history subjects as the college entrance examination subjects because they are afraid of the mathematical difficulty of science and technology subjects.The country plans to increase the proportion of science students through the reform of the college entrance examination,but it has the opposite effect.Some provinces even have a shrinking of science students.Yachmann’s pyramid model theory holds that mathematics is the foundation of other subjects.Based on the theoretical model of social vocational cognition,foreign studies have found that students’ mathematical self-efficacy will have a great impact on students’mathematical performance,and the quality of their mathematical performance will affect whether students can achieve achievements in STEM fields in the future.Chinese scholars have also conducted related studies and found that higher mathematical self-efficacy is often accompanied by better mathematical performance.The model of social vocational cognition also holds that personal characteristics,social and economic factors,as well as past learning experience will have a significant impact on an individual’s career choice through self-efficacy.In this model,social support,as an important environmental variable,also has an impact on individual decision making.For example,social support from people around can help students better cope with various difficulties in learning and improve their learning confidence.At the same time,the traditional idea that girls are more suitable for liberal arts and history subjects and boys are more suitable for science and technology subjects has always existed.Various practical situations also show that the number of girls in science and technology classes is far less than that in liberal arts and history classes.Based on this,this study mainly discusses the mathematical aspects of social support for middle school students choose science subjects as the university entrance exam subjects(hereinafter referred to as the college entrance examination science and engineering)and the influence of mathematics self-efficacy in the intermediary role,and discipline-gender stereotypes as to mathematics self-efficacy and choose the regulation of relationships between science and engineering college entrance examination.In this study.605 original data of senior high school students from 8 high schools in Anhui,Fujian,Shandong and Jiangxi were collected by questionnaire,among which 440 were valid questionnaires.SPSS25.0 and macro program Process and AMOS21.0 were used to analyze the data,and the results showed that:I、social support,and can’t choose affect middle school students to the university entrance exam in science and engineering(B=0.0047,t=0.7818,P>0.05),but social support can be positive influence on students’ mathematics self-efficacy(B=0.0998,t=5.5557,p<0,001),in particular,social support not a direct impact on students’ course selection results,but can impact on a single subj ect of self-efficacy.2、mathematics self-efficacy affects the middle school students to the university entrance exam to choose science and engineering(B=0.0931,t=6.0634,p<0.001),and when the mathematic self-efficacy after joining model as a intervening variable,social support can be positive influence on mathematics self-efficacy(B=0.0998,t=5.5557.p<0.001),in turn,affects the middle school students to college entrance examination science and engineering(B=0.0931,t=6.0634,p<0.001).To be specific,the higher students’ sense of self-efficacy in mathematics,the more likely they are to choose science and engineering in the college entrance examination.Although social support cannot directly influence the choice of science and engineering in the college entrance examination,it can influence the choice of science and engineering in the college entrance examination by influencing students’ sense of self-efficacy in mathematics.3、Discipline-gender stereotypes did not play a moderating role in the influence mechanism of math self-efficacy on college entrance examination selection of science and engineering(B=0.0001,t=0.0332,p>0.05).Specifically,for the traditional idea that girls are more suitable for literature and history and boys are more suitable for science and technology,this idea cannot have a significant impact on students’ sense of self-efficacy in mathematics,thus negatively affecting students’ choice of science and technology subjects as the most important subjects in the college entrance examination.4、There were significant gender differences in subject-gender stereotypes,with males significantly lower than females(t=-3.326,p<0.01).Therefore,when students get more social support in mathematics,they can improve their sense of self-efficacy in mathematics,so as to promote their determination to choose science and engineering subjects in college entrance examination.However,subject-gender stereotype has no influence on students’ choice of science and engineering subjects in college entrance examination.,therefore,the results of this study for improving the proportion of middle school students choose science subjects,improve the middle school’s bachelor of this rate,even for the national transport a large number of STEM fields reserve talented person have meaning,but also to remind the general teachers,parents,to give students more support,support,especially in mathematics can improve the students’ mathematics self-efficacy,and thus promote the students can get achievement in the field of STEM,for the country’s development of science and technology to provide powerful waves.更多还原