【作者】 李楠；

【导师】 杨建中；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 建筑与土木工程（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 随着建筑工程的快速发展,我国正以每年2亿平方米的速度增加建筑面积,已成为全球最大的工程市场,同时带来了巨大的能源消耗。因此,建筑的节能降耗与可持续发展已成为全球关注的重要问题。其中,被动式建筑利用高保温隔热围护结构和高气密性来维持室温,进而降低建筑对机械采暖及制冷的需求、以最小的能耗来满足室内的舒适性要求。目前,被动式建筑在国内正处于推广应用的关键时期,然而现有研究多集中在设计、规划阶段的模拟分析。针对此,本文以寒冷地区某示范项目为案例进行运行阶段的实测研究,基于其室内外环境、分项能耗、机组设备运行等多维监测数据,探索其在不同运行策略下的舒适性和能耗响应特性,并结合模拟仿真提出能够满足其舒适性与节能要求的空调运行策略。研究要点如下:(1)调研被动式建筑中央空调系统运行策略的国内外研究现状,结合我国寒冷地区的气候特点对建筑案例的不同运行策略进行研究。通过分析现有的舒适性和能耗评价值指标,针对现有指标的不足建立了综合性的评价指标方式—能耗投入与舒适性产出指标。(2)结合研究建筑案例所在地区的气候特征、设计要素及技术体系,细化完善了冬季、过渡季、夏季高热、夏季高热高湿这4种典型气候背景下的测试方案,并借助数据监测平台和各类测试仪器进行数据采集。基于此,获得4种典型季节特征下的多维数据集。(3)基于监测数据分析可知:在过渡季,对建筑在自然通风、自然通风+风扇、新风+地源侧旁通的运行策略进行对比,探索自然通风的节能潜力。研究发现采用自然通风可为被动房每小时节约3.7 k W·h电能,新风+旁通的运行实效性与自然通风+风扇相比略优。在夏季高热气候,制冷工况的运行策略1(新风+热泵机组)和运行策略2(新风+热泵机组+风机盘管)的投入产出指标都较低,更加经济合理。在夏季高热高湿气候,制冷除湿工况的运行策略1(不开启风机盘管)能节省一部分电耗,但其室内的舒适性和气流组织分布不如运行策略2(开启风机盘管)。在冬季,其采暖系统末端的混合温度设置运行策略最能满足人体的热舒适性需求,且利于节能;间歇运行策略虽利于节能,但其机组和水泵的启停波动频繁;考虑到寒冷地区建筑的冬夏季负荷差异,其热泵系统应设置大小机组,冬季供暖工况时小机组运行来提高系统运行效率。(4)借助建筑能耗舒适性模拟软件Design Builder,在实测数据的基础上校验物理模型,通过模拟进一步探索其在过渡季和冬夏季不同运行和控制策略下的室内舒适性和能耗响应。首先,在4月份对自然通风、机械通风、混合通风策略进行模拟,发现机械通风策略舒适性最佳,而混合通风策略可改善自然通风的舒适性同时降低机械通风的能耗。其次,结合实测方案,对冬夏季的典型机组控制策略进行模拟,对比系统能耗在定温、温差、定时以及机组实际运行控制策略下的运行效果。通过以上研究,本文探索了寒冷地区被动式超低能耗建筑在典型气候背景下的优化运行策略,为提高其能源系统的运行管理水平、保障其舒适性和节能性提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of construction projects,China is increasing the construction area at the rate of 200 million square meters per year,which has become the world’s largest engineering market and brought huge energy consumption.Therefore,energy saving and sustainable development of buildings have become an important issue of global concern.Among them,the passive building uses high insulation enclosure structure and high air tightness to maintain room temperature,thereby reducing the building’s demand for mechanical heating and cooling,and meeting the indoor comfort requirements with minimum energy consumption.At present,the passive building is in a critical period of popularization and application in China.However,the existing research mostly focuses on the simulation analysis in the design and planning stages.In view of this,this paper takes a demonstration project in cold area as a case to conduct the measured research in the operation stage.Based on the multi-dimensional monitoring data such as indoor and outdoor environment,sub-item energy consumption and unit equipment operation,the comfort and energy consumption response characteristics under different operation strategies are explored.Combined with simulation,air conditioning operation strategies that can meet the requirements of comfort and energy saving is proposed.The research points are as follows:(1)The research status at home and abroad on the operation strategy of passive building central air conditioning system is investigated,and different operation strategies of building cases are studied in combination with the climatic characteristics of cold regions in China.By analyzing the existing comfort and energy consumption evaluation index,a comprehensive evaluation index method-energy consumption input and comfort output index is established for the shortcomings of existing indexes.(2)Combined with the climate characteristics,design elements and technical system of the region where the construction case is located,the test schemes under the four typical climate backgrounds of winter,transition season,high heat in summer and high heat and high humidity in summer are refined and improved,and the data are collected by means of data monitoring platform and various test instruments.Based on this,multidimensional datasets with four typical seasonal characteristics are obtained.(3)Based on the analysis of monitoring data: In the transition season,the operation strategies of natural ventilation,natural ventilation + fan and fresh air +ground source side ventilation are compared to explore the energy saving potential of natural ventilation.It is found that natural ventilation can save 3.7 k W·h electric energy per hour for passive house,and the operation effectiveness of fresh air +bypass is slightly better than that of natural ventilation + fan.In the high-heat climate in summer,the input-output indexes of operation strategy 1(fresh air + heat pump unit)and operation strategy 2(fresh air + heat pump unit + fan coil unit)under refrigeration conditions are lower and more economical and reasonable.In summer high temperature and high humidity climate,operation strategy 1(not opening fan coil)can save some power consumption,but its indoor comfort and airflow distribution is not as good as operation strategy 2(opening fan coil).In winter,the mixed temperature setting operation strategy at the end of the heating system can meet the thermal comfort needs of the human body and is conducive to energy saving;The intermittent operation strategy is beneficial to energy saving,but the start-stop of the unit and the pump fluctuates frequently.Considering the load difference between winter and summer of buildings in cold regions,the heat pump system should be equipped with large and small units,and the small units should operate in winter heating conditions to improve the system operation efficiency.(4)With the help of building energy consumption comfort simulation software Design Builder,the physical model is verified on the basis of measured data,and the indoor comfort and energy consumption response under different operation and control strategies in transition season and winter and summer are further explored by simulation.Firstly,the natural ventilation,mechanical ventilation and mixed ventilation strategies were simulated in April,and it was found that the mechanical ventilation strategy had the best comfort,while the mixed ventilation strategy could improve the comfort of natural ventilation and reduce the energy consumption of mechanical ventilation.Secondly,combined with the measured scheme,the typical unit control strategies are simulated in winter and summer,and the operation effects of system energy consumption under constant temperature,temperature difference,timing and actual operation control strategy are compared.Through the above research,this paper explores the optimal operation strategies of passive ultra-low energy consumption buildings in cold area under the typical climate background,so as to provide reference for improving the operation and management level of its energy system and ensuring its comfort and energy saving.更多还原