【作者】 李晶晶；

【导师】 刘娟；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 汉语是音节声调语言,其中双音节词占有绝对优势。在有些双音节词中,后字会发生中和变调,即不同的调类在后音节位置上失去声调的对立。这类发生中和变调的词叫轻声词。学界对轻声词的前字变调问题和后字轻声的特征问题一直以来较为关注。但到目前为止,对轻声的研究更多集中在普通话,汉语方言中的轻声现象较少受到关注,而用实验方法进行的研究更是少见。因此,本文试采用声学实验和感知实验相结合的方法,以山东方言双音节轻声词为研究对象,对轻声词的前音节变调和后音节轻声的特征进行研究。以下是各章的主要内容:第一章综述了传统音系学和实验语音学对普通话、方言双音节轻声词的研究现状,发现方言中的轻声词与普通话存在较大差异。山东方言的轻声词也与普通话有很大不同,因此本文综合考虑前人研究成果等因素,选取了山东德州、济南、菏泽、荣成、即墨、烟台6个方言进行实验研究。第二章从音高、时长两方面对山东6个方言轻声词的前音节变调情况进行了考察。在音高方面,有些方言的全部声调在轻声前发生改变,有些方言的部分声调发生改变;观察变调结果发现,有些声调在变调后与原有的另一个单字调相同;有些声调在变调后与原有的单字调都不同;还有些声调在轻声前不变调。在时长方面,将同调类或同调型的前字与单字进行对比都发现,时长缩短的情况多发生在降升调和平调;而时长增加的情况多发生在降调型;时长变化因人而异的声调中,单字调均为降调型。第三章从音高、时长、音强三个方面对德州、济南、即墨3个方言轻声词的后音节轻声进行了考察。音高方面,声学实验结果显示轻声有平调、降调两种调型。时长方面,轻声音节的平均时长整体短于双音节的前字,但与前字时长的比值各不相同。音强方面,有些轻声的音强与前字相比,或与同声韵的重读音节相比都更弱;有些轻声的音强比较结果存在三种情况:更弱、更强或二者相当。听感上,有些轻声在听感上又轻又短,有些不轻不短;轻声是否轻短和调型有关,也和轻声音高的起点、时长有关;对轻声音高的整体感知与前音节的收尾音高有关。第四章在对声学和感知实验考察结果进行总结的基础上将山东方言与普通话轻声词进行了比较。在前字变调方面,二者都存在不变调、变为另一个原有的单字调、变为新调三种情况;且有些声调的变化和普通话上声在轻声前变为半上情况类似。不同之处在于,山东方言的前字变调现象更加普遍,类型更加多样。在轻声的特征方面,有些方言的轻声调型和普通话一样只有平调和降调;有些轻声与前字时长的比值与普通话接近;部分轻声的音强和普通话一样不一定都比前字或同声韵的重读音节更弱;部分轻声和普通话一样又轻又短。不同之处在于,个别方言的轻声只有一种调型,音高也只有两个等级;部分轻声与前字时长的比值大于50%;有些轻声的音强全部更弱;部分轻声在听感上不轻也不短。对山东方言双音节轻声词的声学和感知实验考察使我们对汉语的轻声现象有了更丰富和深入的认识。这对我们从宏观上把握汉语轻声现象的共时差异,历时演变等具有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese is a syllable tone language,in which disyllabic words have an absolute advantage.In some disyllabic words,neutralizational tone sandhi occurs in the post-syllables,that is,different tone types lose their tonal opposition in the last syllable position.This kind of neutralizational tone sandhi is called neutral tone words.The academic circle has been paying more attention to the tone sandhi of the pre-syllables and the characteristics of the post-syllables.But so far,the research on neutral tone is more focused on Putonghua,less attention has been paid to the phenomenon of neutral tone in Chinese dialects,and experimental studies are even rarer.Therefore,this paper tries to use the method of acoustic experiment and perceptual experiment to study the prosyllabic tone sandhi and postsyllabic tone characteristics of disyllabic words in Shandong dialect.The main contents of each chapter are as follows:The first chapter summarizes the research status of disyllabic neutral tone words in Putonghua and dialect by traditional phonology and experimental phonetics,and finds that there are great differences in the neutral tone words between dialect and Putonghua.The neutral tone of Shandong dialect is also very different from putonghua.Therefore,this paper selects six dialects of Dezhou,Jinan,Heze,Rongcheng,Jimo and Yantai in Shandong Province for experimental study.The second chapter investigates the pre-syllable tone sandhi of neutral tone words in six dialects of Shandong from the aspects of pitch and duration.In the aspect of pitch,the whole tone of some dialects changes,and some dialects changed part of that.It is observed that the results of the tone sandhi reveal that some tones are the same as the tone of another original mono-character after the tone sandhi;some tones are different from all of the original mono-character tones after the tonal sandhi.Some tones remain the same before the neutral tone.In the aspect of duration,comparing the same tonal category or the same tonal type of the pre-character with the single word,it is found that the shortening of duration mostly occurs in the rising and flat tones;the increasing of duration mostly occurs in the falling tone type;and when the tone’duration varies from person to person,the tone of single words is a downtoning type.In the third chapter,we investigates the post-syllable of neutral tone of Dezhou,Jinan and Jimo dialects from the aspects of pitch,duration and intensity.In terms of pitch,the results of acoustic experiments show that there are two kinds of tone types:flat tone and falling tone.In terms of duration,the average duration of post-syllables is shorter than the pre-syllables of disyllabic words,but the ratio is different.In the aspect of intensity,the intensity of some post-syllables is weaker than that of the preceding syllables or the stressed syllables;some neutral tones have three situations in the comparison:weaker,stronger or equivalent.In the sense of listening,some neutral tone are light and short,some are not;whether the neutral tone is light and short is related to the tone type,and also related to the starting point and duration of the neutral tone height;the overall perception of the neutral tone height is related to the ending pitch of the preceding syllable.In the fourth chapter,based on the summary of the acoustic and perceptual experimental results,we compare the neutral tone words in Shandong Dialect and Putonghua.In the aspect of tone sandhi of the pre-syllables,there are three kinds of tone sandhi:no tone sandhi,another original single tone sandhi and new tone sandhi,and some tone sandhi changes are similar to that of Putonghua.The difference is that the phenomenon of tone sandhi is more common and the types are more diverse in Shandong dialect.In terms of the characteristics of neutral tone,some dialects have the same neutral tone type as Putonghua,only flat tone and falling tone;the ratio of some neutral tones to the length of the preceding words is close to Putonghua;the intensity of some neutral tones is the same as Putonghua,not necessarily weaker than the preceding words or the stressed syllables of homophony;some neutral tones are as light and short as Putonghua.The difference lies in that there is only one tone type and only two pitches in some dialects;the ratio of the duration of some tones to that of the preceding words is more than 50%;the intensity of some tones is weaker;and some tones are neither light nor short in the sense of hearing.The acoustic and perceptual experiments of disyllabic neutral tone words in Shandong dialect make us have a richer and deeper understanding of Chinese neutral tone phenomenon.This is of great significance for us to grasp the synchronic differences and diachronic evolution of Chinese neutral tone phenomenon.更多还原