【作者】 徐丹；

【导师】 徐昌文；

【作者基本信息】 中南民族大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 从现今社会的发展程度来看,人类社会的物质文明比以往任何时期都要繁荣,人们改造自然的能力也跟着快速成长,但同时生态问题随着人类文明(尤其是工业文明)的发展日益严峻。至今,全球性的生态问题已经变成影响全世界人民实现可持续发展的一大问题。想要有效治理生态危机,就必须从探索人同自然的关系开始着手。我党始终将马克思主义理论作为指引各项工作的主导思想,因此想要准确厘清人同自然关系的内涵,就必须深入解读马克思主义经典著作的内容。在《自然辩证法》中,较为系统、完整地包含了恩格斯对人与自然关系的系统论述以及对生态危机形成原因的深入思考。深入研究和挖掘《自然辩证法》里蕴藏的生态智慧,能为今后的生态建设提供更多的精神支撑和实践指导,也能为处理世界性的生态危机给予一些新思路。在恩格斯所处的那个时代,资本主义国家的工业革命不仅对生态环境造成了严重破坏,还使得广大劳动人民的生活苦不堪言,阶级冲突也日益激烈。同时近代以来生物、化学、物理等方面的自然科学研究也有了巨大突破,让恩格斯产生了构建新的自然哲学和生态思想的意图。在恩格斯创作《自然辩证法》的过程中,他坚持了历史唯物主义原则和辩证法原理,对形而上学的自然观进行了理性的批判,并对德国古典哲学也做了合理的扬弃。恩格斯还从他的挚友马克思的一些理论中吸取了不少生态方面的见解,最终写出了这部极具价值的伟大著作。在《自然辩证法》一书中,虽然大部分内容是对自然界的发展形态和辩证规律的论述,但通过阅读全文可以看出,恩格斯将辩证法规律融进了人与自然的关系中,提出了独到的见解,展现出恩格斯超群的生态智慧。本文认为,《自然辩证法》中恩格斯的生态思想主要体现在这三个方面:第一是恩格斯通过对自然界辩证图景的描绘,阐明自然界是辩证发展的,其中的客观规律不容任何意志所打破。第二是通过解析自然界的先在性地位和对人类社会发展产生的作用,并论述人如何利用劳动跟自然建立信息互换的桥梁这一过程,来探讨人类劳动的能动性与受动性的关系,阐明人类可以施展主观能动性来改造自然,但前提是不能随意践踏自然的规则,只有能动性与受动性相协调,才能达成人与自然真正的和谐统一。而第三是恩格斯在探究人与自然关系的基础上,也对生态矛盾的起因作了深入分析,并据此提出了生态问题的解决途径,为后世研究生态问题和找寻生态建设的方法提供了重要的思想启迪。《自然辩证法》作为一本极具价值的经典著作,也在各国和理论界都广为流传。在早期的苏联理论界,很多马克思主义理论家分别从各个角度,对恩格斯的生态思想作了不同的理解和吸收,他们提出的一些生态理论和生态建设方案也能看作是对恩格斯生态思想的传承和发展。同时,西方生态学马克思主义流派也对恩格斯生态思想的部分内容进行了一定的借鉴,还提出了一些创新性的生态思想,虽然有些观点还有待改善,但也是对恩格斯生态思想的一种创新。而从我国的历届领导人针对生态建设提出的实践方案和生态理念中就可以看出,中国共产党对恩格斯的生态思想不仅有继承也有发展和创新,体现了中国共产党人对马克思主义理论的坚定信仰。由此可见,我国的生态文明建设无论何时都离不开《自然辩证法》的指导,本文通过探究《自然辩证法》中生态思想所具有的理论意义,并结合我国当前的生态实际,思索如何运用《自然辩证法》更好地指导生态文明建设的具体实践,尽量为我国今后的生态保护和环境治理工作添砖加瓦。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the perspective of the development of today’s society,the material civilization of human society is more prosperous than ever before,and people’s ability to transform nature has also grown rapidly,but at the same time,ecological problems have become increasingly serious with the development of human civilization,especially industrial civilization.So far,global ecological problems have become a major problem affecting the sustainable development of people around the world.To effectively manage the ecological crisis,we must start by exploring the relationship between man and nature.Our party has always taken Marxist theory as the guiding ideology to guide various tasks.Therefore,to accurately clarify the meaning of the relationship between man and nature,we must thoroughly understand the content of Marxist classics.In the book Dialectics of Nature,Engels systematically and completely includes Engels’ s systematic discussion of the relationship between man and nature,and in-depth thinking about the causes of ecological crisis.In-depth research and excavation of the ecological wisdom contained in Dialectics of Nature can provide more spiritual support and practical guidance for future ecological construction,and can also give some new ideas for handling the global ecological crisis.In Engels’ s time,the industrial revolution in capitalist countries not only caused serious damage to the ecological environment,but also made the life of the majority of working people miserable,and class conflicts became increasingly fierce.At the same time,natural science research in biology,chemistry,physics and other aspects has made great breakthroughs since modern times,which gave Engels the intention to construct a new natural philosophy and ecological thought.In the course of creating the dialectics of nature,Engels insisted on the principle of historical materialism and the principle of dialectics,criticized the metaphysical view of nature rationally,and reasonably suprated the German idealist philosophy.Engels also drew on the ecological insights of Marx,his best friend,to write this great work of great historical value.In the book "dialectics of nature",although most of the content is on the nature dialectical law and the development of the form of discussion,but through reading the full text can be seen that Engels integrated the law of dialectics into the relationship between man and nature,put forward unique insights,show Engels’ extraordinary ecological wisdom.This paper holds that Engels’ ecological thought in dialectics of nature is mainly embodied in the following three aspects: first,Engels illustrated the dialectical development of nature through the description of the dialectical picture of nature,in which the objective law could not be broken by any will.As the preexistence of the second is by parsing the nature status and the function of the development of human society,and discusses how to make use of labor to build a bridge of information exchange with nature in this process,to explore the motility of human labor and the sexual relationship,to clarify the human can display subjective initiative to transform the nature,but the premise is not casually trampled natural rules,only initiative and the coordinated movement,we can only reach the real harmony between human and nature is unified.The third is that Engels,on the basis of exploring the relationship between man and nature,also made an in-depth analysis of the causes of ecological contradictions,and proposed solutions to ecological problems on the basis of which provided important ideological enlightenment for the later generations to study ecological problems and find methods for ecological construction.Dialectics of nature,as a valuable classic,has also been widely circulated in many countries and theoretical circles.In the early theoretical circles of the Soviet union,many marxist theorists have made different understanding and absorption of Engels’ ecological thought from various perspectives,and some ecological theories and ecological construction plans they put forward can also be regarded as the inheritance and development of Engels’ ecological thought.At the same time,western ecological marxism has also made some reference to some contents of Engels’ ecological thought and put forward some innovative ecological thoughts.Although some views still need to be improved,they are also a kind of innovation of Engels’ ecological thought.It can be seen from the practical plans and ecological concepts put forward by successive Chinese leaders for ecological construction that the CPC not only inherits but also develops and innovates Engels’ ecological thought,which reflects the firm belief of Chinese communists in marxist theory.Whenever the ecological culture construction of our country,therefore,cannot leave the guidance of "dialectics of nature",this paper explore the ecological thoughts of "dialectics of nature" has theoretical significance,and combining the reality of China’s current ecological,think about how to use "dialectics of nature" to better guide the concrete practice of the construction of ecological civilization,as far as possible for the future of our country’s ecological protection and environmental governance.更多还原