【作者】 何雪；

【导师】 阮李全；

【作者基本信息】 重庆师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 二十一世纪是各个国家命运相连的时代,也是一个环境问题日益加剧的时代。随着人与人之间竞争意识的不断增强,人类为了占有更大的经济市场、抢占世界主导地位,不得不对智力进行高度调动,大力发展科学技术;在科技的超速发展下,人类竞争力大大增强,人与人之间的内部竞争日趋恶劣,人类赖以生存的自然也因此遭到巨大的损毁,导致人与自然关系异化程度的加剧,全球生态危机随之形成。如何摆脱生态危机给人类所带来的生存危机已经成为人类再也无法回避的严峻现实问题,各国人民开始积极地寻找解决生态危机的方法与途径,并期望从马克思的相关著作中挖掘出生态文明的深层理论根源,从而深刻揭示出马克思生态文明思想中马克思不只是肯定了科技发展下工业水平提高所带来的经济发展,更多地是批判科技发展下人们在劳动实践过程中改造自然能力提高造成了自然的极大损害,并在此基础上提出发展“绿色”科技优化物质变换、实现物质循环的科学思想;从中探索资本主义生态危机与当代生态危机形成原因的共通之处,以此借鉴解决生态危机的有效方法与途径,并在此基础上进一步创新,推进生态社会的建设。本文内容主要分为五个部分。第一部分。主要论题的研究背景和意义、国内外相关的文献综述、研究内容与研究方法以及本文的创新点与存在的问题。第二部分。主要对马克思生态文明观的发展轨迹、基本内容以及基本特征进行了分析、阐述。首先,主要从马克思的相关著作中厘清马克思生态文明观从萌芽阶段到形成阶段再到成熟阶段的发展轨迹。其次,对马克思生态文明观的基本内涵进行了概述:自然具有“先在性”,人无法独立于自然而存在,为了实现人与自然的和谐,人类就必须坚守人与自然是不可分割的整体的科学理念,对自然界进行“合规律的”改造;资本主义社会在科学技术异化的影响下,导致资本主义生产方式向不可持续性与反生态性发展,继而引发了生态危机;马克思设想在不具有阶级统治性、法律消亡的共产主义社会,人类才能获得全面而自由的发展。最后,对马克思生态文明观的时代性、开放性、全面性、预见性四大基本特征进行了详细论述。第三部分。主要从马克思生态文明观的实践观、唯物史观以及辩证法理论基础出发,对马克思生态文明观进行更加详细的分析。首先,马克思对费尔巴哈具有直观性与消极性的实践观进行扬弃,形成了科学的实践观,认为实践是人类发挥主观能动性对客观世界进行改造的物质活动;在实践这一“对象性活动”中,使人与自然、人与人、自然与社会之间都产生了联系,相互制约、不可分割;人类通过实践活动与自然进行“物质变换”才得以维持机体的存活,因此,人类若不想面临“末日”,可以在运用“绿色”科学技术的基础上持续不断地进行实践。其次,马克思对费尔巴哈的不具有辩证思想的自然观进行了扬弃,看到了生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾运动,为形成科学的唯物史观奠定了扎实的基础。最后,马克思对黑格尔的辩证法思想进行了批判的继承,使其自然观具有了浓厚的“辩证法色彩”,从而看到了人与自然之间对立统一的关系。第四部分。对当代生态危机产生的背景、原因、危害进行了相关论述。首先从政治、经济、文化三方面深入分析了当代生态危机产生的背景,其次从个人观念、社会生产力发展、政治上层建筑立法与监管层面的不足以及国际局势四个视角去谈论和寻找当代生态问题产生的原因,最后详细阐述了当代生态危机引发生态系统严重失衡、人与自然关系异化、人无法得到全面而自由的发展三大危害。第五部分。从个人层面、社会层面、国家层面以及国际层面四个层面寻求解决当代生态危机的有效方法,实现马克思生态文明观的现实应用。首先,要对个人的思想层面进行生态化的转变,培养大众正确的生态文明意识,树立符合生态文明建设的新观念,鼓励大众在保证生态平衡的基础上寻求利益或自身享受;其次,在社会层面要实现生态科技优化物质变换,努力实现将工业化生产进程中向自然环境排放的有害物数量降到最低,达到生态化生产,从而实现环境友好型、资源节约型社会的建设;再次,在国家层面需要完善与生态相关的法治建设,实现科学立法,促使政府官员在应对生态问题的过程中合理的运用其监督职能与管理职能,推动生态文明建设;最后,在国际层面需要消除人类种内恶性竞争,做到国家与国家之间、种族与种族之间和谐相处,协同解决全球生态问题,共同筑就人类理想中的家园。更多还原

【Abstract】 The 21 st century is an era in which the destinies of nations are linked,and it is also an era of increasing environmental problems.With the increasing awareness of competition among people,human beings want to occupy a larger economic market and predominate the world.They have to use their intelligences to develop science and technology.With the rapid development of science and technology,human competitiveness has been greatly enhanced,and the internal competition among people has become increasingly vicious.Therefore,the nature on which human beings depend for survival has been greatly damaged.It leads to the aggravation of the alienation of the relationship between people and natureand the consequent formation of the global ecological crisis.Various countries begin to actively seek to solve the ecological crisis brought to the human serious practical problems and look forward to digging out ecological civilization from Marx’s related works.In Marx’s ecological civilization thought,Marx not only affirmed the economic development brought by the improvement of industrial level under the development of science and technology,but also criticized the great damage caused bypeople’s transformation of nature in the process of labor practice under the development of science and technology.On this basis,Marxput forward the scientific thought of developing "green" technology to optimize material transformation and realize material circulation.It explores the common causes of capitalist ecological crisis and contemporary ecological crisis,so as to draw lessons from the effective methods and approaches to solve the ecological crisis.On this basis,it further innovates to promote the construction of ecological society.This article is divided into five parts.The first part.It includes the research background and significance,relevant literature reviews at home and abroad,research content and research methods,and the innovations and problems of this paper.The second part.It mainly analyzes and expounds the development track,basic content and basic characteristics of Marx’s ecological civilization view.First,it mainly clarifies the development trajectory of Marx’s ecological civilization concept from the budding stage to the forming stage to the mature stage from the relevant works of Marx.Secondly,this paper summarizes the basic connotation of Marx’s ecological civilization view: nature is pre-existent,and man cannot exist independently from nature.In order to realize the harmony between man and nature,man must adhere to the scientific idea that man and nature are indivisible as a whole,and reform the nature according to the law.Under the influence of alienation of science and technology,the capitalist society led to the development of capitalist production methods towards unsustainability and anti-ecologicality.It has caused an ecological crisis;Only in a communist society with class dominance and the demise of the law can mankind achieve comprehensive and free development.Finally,the four basic characteristics of Marx’s ecological civilization view are discussed in detailThe third part.This part mainly analyzes Marx’s ecological civilization view in more detail from the practice view,historical materialism view and the theoretical basis of dialectics.First,Marx subverted Feuerbach’s intuitive and negative practice concept,forming a scientific practice concept,thinking that practice is a material activity in which humans exert subjective initiative to transform the objective world;in practice," Objective activity" makes human and nature,human and human,nature and society are mutually restricted and inseparable;Human beings maintain their survival by practicing "material transformation" with nature.Therefore,If people do not want to face the "doomsday",they can continue to practice on the basis of applying "green" science and technology.Secondly,Marx abandoned Feuerbach’s nature view ofnon-dialectical thought,and analyze the contradictory movement between productive forces and production relations,which laid a solid foundation for the formation of a scientific historical materialism.Finally,Marx critically inherited Hegel’s dialectics thoughts,so that his natural view has a strong "dialectic color",thus seeing the unity of opposites between man and nature.The fourth part.It expounds the background,causes and harms of contemporary ecological crisis.Firstly,it deeply analyzes the background of the contemporary ecological crisis from the politic,economic and culture.Secondly,it finds the causes of the contemporary ecological issues from the perspectives of personal concepts,social productivity development,political superstructure legislative and regulatory deficienciesand the international situation.In the end,the paper elaborates three harms caused by the contemporary ecological crisis,namely the serious imbalance of the ecosystem,the alienation of the relationship between man and nature,and the inability of man to achieve comprehensive and free development.The fifth part.This paper tries to find effective ways to solve the contemporary ecological crisis from four aspects: individual,social,national and international,so as to realize the practical application of Marx’s ecological civilization view.First of all,it is necessary to carry out ecological transformation of the individual’s ideological level,to cultivate the public’s correct awareness of ecological civilization,to establish a new concept in line with the construction of ecological civilizationand to encourage the public to seek benefits or enjoy themselves on the basis of ensuring ecological balance;Secondly,at the social level,ecological science and technology should be optimized for material transformation,and efforts should be made to minimize the amount of harmful substances discharged into the natural environment in the process of industrial production,which will achieve ecological production and thus realize the construction of an environment-friendly and resource-conserving society.In addition,at the national level,the rule of law related to ecology should be improved,scientific legislation should be realized,and government officials should make reasonable use of their supervision and management functions in dealing with ecological problems,so as to promote the construction of ecological civilization.Finally,at the international level,vicious intra-species competition among humans needs to be eliminated.We should live in harmony among nations and among races to solve global ecological problems and build the ideal home for mankind.更多还原