【作者】 刘洋；

【导师】 蒋海松； 孙创前；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 法律硕士（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 灵活短期的雇佣用工关系日益常见,但由雇员侵权引发的雇主责任承担问题也日益突出。最高人民法院司法解释规定雇员在从事雇佣活动中致人损害由雇主承担责任,雇员故意或者重大过失致人损害,雇主承担连带责任。而《侵权责任法》没有规定用人单位和接收劳务—方需要承担连带责任。实践中,在雇员致人损害情形下,雇主承担何种责任等问题引发诸多争议。通过裁判文书网上争议较大雇主责任承担相关案例筛选,选取了邮政公司与王辉生命权纠纷案、邝传坤与陈启文健康权纠纷案、陈剑锋与罗伙亮健康权纠纷案、卢华秀与王洲发、李军交通事故责任纠纷案等四个样本案例,对样本案例的研究表现出司法实践中关于雇主责任承担问题存在三大争议焦点。—是在认定“表现形式是否是履行职务”,有的观点认为只有为了雇主的利益实施的侵权行为,才能认定为表现形式是履行职务,有的则认为,为个人目的实施的不当履行职务,也能够认定为表现形式是履行职务。二是在认定“与履行职务是否有内在联系”,有的认为,只要冲突的起因与履行职务有关,侵权后果便是冲突的自然延续,属于有内在联系,有的则认为,尽管冲突与履职有联系,但雇员明知损害后果而故意实施,与履行职务无关。三是在雇主承担连带责任还是替代责任上,能否依据司法解释判决雇主承担连带责任存在争议。通过对法官的裁判理由和学术界观点对比研究,在认定表现形式是履行职务时应当采用主客观—致双阶层的判断标准,认定与履行职务有内在联系应当看雇员在实施侵权行为时是否具有防卫意识。在判断雇员是否故意侵权时应当对侵权手段的暴力性进行考察,重大过失的认定应当考察雇员违反注意义务程度。为了更妥善解决雇主责任,提出应当明确雇佣活动范围的裁判参考规则,完善雇主连带责任立法,明确雇主追偿范围,设立雇员责任险等建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Flexible and short-term employment relationship is increasingly common,but the problem of employer liability caused by employee infringement is also increasingly prominent.According to the judicial interpretation of the Supreme People’s court,the employer shall be liable for the damages caused by the employee’s employment activities:and the employer shall be jointly and severally liable for the damages caused by the employee’s intentional or gross negligence.However the tort law does not stipulate that the employer and the receiving party can bear joint and several liability.In practice,in the case of employee’s injury,there are many disputes about the employer’s liability.In the case selection of the employer’s responsibility in the judgment network four simple cases are selected:Post company and Wang Hui’s right to life dispute:Kuang chuankun and Chen Qiwen’s right to health dispute,Chen Jianfeng and Luo Qiliang’s right to health dispute,Lu Huaxiu and Wang zhoufa,Li Jun’s traffic accident responsibility dispute.The study of the sample cases shows the employer’s responsibility in judicial practice There are three controversial focuses on the issue of Ren shouldering.The first is to determine whether the form of expression is the performance of duties.Some people think that only the infringement for the benefit of the employer can be identifled as the form of expression is the performance of duties.Some people think that the improper performance of duties for personal purposes can also be identified as the form of expression is the performance of duties.The second is to determine whether there is an internal connection with the performance of duties.Some believe that as long as the cause of the conflict is related to the performance of duties,the consequences of infringement are the natural continuation of the conflict belonging to an internal connection.Some believe that:although the conflict is related to the performance of duties,the employees knowingly implement the consequences of damage,and have nothing to do with the performance of duties.Third,there is a dispute on whether the employer should bear joint and several liability or alternative liability according to judicial interpretation.Through the comparative study of the judge’s judgment reason and the academic point of view,we should adopt the subjective and objective consistent two-tier judgment standard when,determining that the performance form is to perform their duties.The internal connection between the determination and the performance of their duties should be determined by whether the employees have the sense of defense when implementing the tort.According to the judicial interpretation,the employer’s joint and several liability is not in conflict with the tort law.When judging whether an employee intentionally infringes,we should investigate the violence of the means of infringement,and the determination of gross negligence should examine the extent of the employee’s breach of duty of care.In order to solve the employer’s liability more properly,we should make clear the reference rules of the scope of employment activities,improve the legislation of employer’s joint and several liability,make clear the scope of employer’s recovery,and set up employee liability insurance.更多还原