驱客部以战

【作者】 李星；

【导师】 卢中阳；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 周代部落兵是由生存于“野”中之蛮夷戎狄所组成的血缘性军事组织。蛮夷戎狄作为被征服或归附于周的部落群体,属于“客部”的存在,具有向周王室、诸侯国服兵役的职事,所谓“驱客部以战”是指统治者驱使被征服或归附的民族部落作战的现象。本文拟以“驱客部以战”为出发点,从军事劳役的角度入手,对周代部落兵的相关内容进行研究。在人类社会历史中,“主客”关系广泛存在,“主”一般指占统治地位的征服者,“客”主要指被征服者或归附者。由于部分被统治者社会发展缓慢,尚处于部落社会形态,因此又被称之为“客部”。在周代国野体系之中,“野”中存在大量被周王室、诸侯国征服或归附的蛮夷戎狄部落,相对于以周王室、诸侯国为代表的统治者而言,他们属于“客部”。从出土文献与传世文献的记载来看,西周、春秋时期“驱客部以战”现象具有普遍性。“驱客部以战”作为一种建立在族氏整体之上的军事劳役,是指定服役制度在军事领域的重要表现形式,体现了早期国家阶段指定某部分人专服某役的传统,所以蛮夷戎狄组成之部落兵的兵役具有以族氏整体为摊派对象、世袭承担、以“超经济强制”为基础三个特点。春秋时期,国野关系的新变化使得针对“野”中蛮夷戎狄的传统兵役方式发生改变,血缘性的部落兵由此开始衰落。及至战国,“编户齐民”制度下,“野”中蛮夷戎狄完成了向地域性行政组织下郡县民户的转变,在新赋役体系中开始以“齐民”身份向国家服兵役,曾经血缘性的部落兵最终走向了终点。周代“驱客部以战”现象的存在与西周、春秋时期血缘共同体的普遍存在密切相关,“野”中血缘关系更为浓厚,致使针对“野”中蛮夷戎狄按族氏整体摊派兵役的现象尤为突出,这是血缘性的部落兵于西周、春秋时期存在的根本原因。同时,“野”中蛮夷戎狄生产力不发达以及社会分工滞后,亦是部落兵存在的又一重要原因。西周、春秋时期“驱客部以战”现象的存在,表明部落兵应是周代军事力量的重要组成部分。因此,周代部落兵的研究对周代兵制的研究具有一定的参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The tribal soldiers of the Zhou Dynasty refer to the bloody military organization composed of the Man Yi Rong Di who lived in the "Ye",as a tribal group that was conquered or subordinated,Man Yi Rong Di belonged to the existence of the " Adventive tribe",they have the duty to perform military service to the royal family of Zhou and the vassals,the so-called "driving adventive tribe to fight" is a phenomenon in which the ruler drives the ethnic tribe to be conquered or subordinated to fight.This article intends to study the relevant content of the tribal soldiers of the Zhou Dynasty from the perspective of military service with the starting point of "driving adventive tribe to fight".In the history of human society,the relationship between "host and guest" has existed widely,"host" generally refers to the dominant conqueror,and "guest" mainly refers to the conquered or surrendered.Due to the slow social development of some of the governed,they are still in the tribal social form,so they are also called "adventive tribe".In the national system of the Zhou Dynasty,there were a large number of Man Yi Rong Di tribes conquered or subordinated by the Zhou royal family and vassal states,compared with the rulers represented by the Zhou royal family and the vassal states,they belong to the existence of the "adventive tribe".From the records of unearthed documents and handed down documents,the phenomenon of "driving adventive tribe to fight" in the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods is universal.As a kind of military labor service based on the clan as a whole,the "driving adventive tribe to fight" is an important expression of the Assigned labor System in the military field,it reflects the tradition of the early countries designating certain people for a certain service,therefore,the military service of the tribe soldiers composed by Man Yi Rong Di has three basic characteristics:one is taking the clan as a whole for service assessment,another is hereditary commitment,and last is "super-economic coercion" as the basis of service.During the Spring and Autumn Period,the new changes in the relationship between the country and the wild changed the traditional military exploitation methods against the wild soldiers in the "Ye",and the tribal soldiers began to decline.As of the Warring States Period,the Man Yi Rong Di in the "Ye" of the era of "Bian Hu Qi Min" completed the transformation to the county and county households in the regional administrative organization,under the new enlistment system,they began to serve the country as a "Qi Min",and the tribe soldiers who were once related to blood eventually came to an end.The existence of the phenomenon of "driving adventive tribe to fight" in the Zhou Dynasty is closely related to the common existence of blood communities in the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods,the blood relationship in the "Ye" is more strong,which makes the phenomenon of uniformly distributing military service against the Man Yi Rong Di in the"Ye",this is the fundamental reason for the bloody tribe soldiers to survive in the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods.At the same time,the undeveloped productive forces and lagging social division of labor in the "Ye" are another important reason for the existence of tribal soldiers.The existence of the phenomenon of "driving adventive tribe to fight" in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period showed that tribal soldiers should be an important part of the military power of the Zhou Dynasty.Therefore,the study of the tribal soldiers of the Zhou Dynasty has some reference value to the study of the military system of the Zhou Dynasty.更多还原