高功能孤独症谱系障碍儿童目光接触障碍心理机制探索

【作者】 王静；

【导师】 荆伟；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 特殊教育学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD)是一种复杂的神经系统广泛性发育疾病。临床行为观察发现,孤独症谱系障碍普遍较少与他人建立目光接触,该障碍会影响ASD儿童的社会沟通与互动。关于ASD个体目光接触障碍产生的心理机制,学术界目前尚存主动回避(actively avoid hypothesis)和被动忽视(passively omit hypothesis)两种不同的理论假说,实证研究证据亦各有支撑。探究ASD儿童异常目光接触行为产生的心理机制,能为有效干预ASD儿童目光接触障碍提供理论依据和指导。本研究将选取19名高功能ASD儿童为实验组,17名智力能力、生理年龄和性别匹配的TD儿童(Typical Developmental,TD)为对照组考察不同目光方向对ASD个体面孔注意加工的影响作用。实验一采用注意线索范式、视觉偏好范式以及空白重叠范式在三个系列实验中分别考察不同目光方向对高功能ASD儿童面孔注意定向、面孔注意维持和面孔注意解离三个注意环节中视觉注意加工的影响作用。结果显示,相对于斜视面孔而言,TD儿童表现出对直视面孔更快的探测速度,更长的注意维持时间,而ASD儿童对两种视线方向面孔的探测速度和注意维持时间没有显著差异。视线方向均不影响TD儿童和ASD儿童对面孔的注意解离速度。实验二在真实社会场景图片中考察ASD儿童对直视面孔和斜视而孔视觉注意加工的差异。结果显示,视线方向不影响TD儿童和ASD儿童对真实静态场景图片中面孔及眼部区域的探测速度。与斜视视线相比,TD儿童对直视面孔及眼部区域有更长的注意维持时间,而ASD儿童没有表现出这种偏好。TD儿童偏好直视面孔,ASD对两种视线方向面孔均无显著偏好。实验三在真实互动视频中考察ASD儿童对不同目光方向面孔注视行为的差异。结果显示,ASD儿童的眼部注视时间和面孔注视时间在三个不同视线方向阶段没有显著差异,而TD儿童在直视阶段的眼部注视时间和面孔注视时间显著高于其他两个非直视阶段。此外,在上述三个实验中,无论面孔视线方向如何,我们均发现ASD儿童对面孔的注视时间都显著短于TD儿童,说明ASD儿童对面孔的注意加工不足。综上,本研究发现ASD儿童较少与他人建立目光接触是由于他们被动忽视直视目光而非主动回避。家长及教育康复工作者应逐步更正对该群体的认识。建议教师及家长可通过社会故事干预法或视频示范教学法在不同的具体社会情境中向ASD儿童讲解直视视线的社会沟通意义,提升ASD个体对他人呈现的直视视线的敏感性,以及主动呈现直视视线发起与他人进行社会性沟通的能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a complex pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder.Clinical behavioral observations have shown that autism spectrum disorders generally establish less eye contact with others,and this eye contact impairment affect social communication and interaction in children with autism spectrum disorders.At present,there are two kinds of different and contradictory theoretical hypothesis including the active avoidance hypothesis and passively omit hypothesis which infer the reason for eye contact impairment in autism spectrum disorders individuals in academia.Each has their support from empirical research evidence.Exploring the causes of abnormal eye gaze processing behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders is contributing to provide theoretical basis and guidance for effectively intervening eye gaze processing impairment in children with autism spectrum disorders.This study selected 19 high-functioning ASD children as experimental group and 17 intellectual ability,chronological age and gender matched TD children(Typical Developmental,TD)as the control group,investigating the influence of different eye gaze direction on the attention processing of individual with autism spectrum disorders.In experiment 1,attention cue paradigm,visual preference paradigm and gap overlap paradigm were used to investigate the effects of different eye gaze direction on visual attention processing in three attention stages including attention orientation,attention maintenance and attention disengagement in children with autism spectrum disorders.The results showed that compared with averted gaze faces,TD children showed faster detection speed and longer attention maintenance for direct faces while ASD children showed no significant difference in detection speed and attention maintenance time of faces with either eye gaze direction.The eye gaze direction did not affect TD children and ASD children attention disengagement from face.In experiment 2,the differences of attention processing between direct eye gaze and averted gaze in children with autism spectrum disorders were investigated in real static social scenes pictures.The results showed that the eye gaze direction didn’t affect the detection speed of TD children and ASD children on the face and eye area in the real static scene picture.Compared with averted gaze,TD children showed longer attention maintenance time for direct faces and eye area while ASD children did not show this preference.TD children prefer for direct gaze while ASD children don’t prefer for either eye gaze direction face.In experiment 3,the differences on the gaze behaviors to faces in children with autism spectrum disorders for different eye gaze directions in real social interactive videos was examined.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the eye fixation time and face fixation time of children with ASD in the three different eye gaze direction stages while the eye fixation time and face fixation time of children with TD in the direct gaze stage were significantly higher than the other two non-direct gaze direction stages.The results support the passive ignoring direct gaze hypothesis.In addition,in the above three experiments,we found that the fixation time of ASD children on the face was significantly shorter than that of TD children,regardless of the eye gaze direction of face,indicating that children with ASD had insufficient attention processing on the face.Combining the three series of experiments,this study found that children with ASD establishing less eye contact with others because they passively omit direct gaze rather than actively avoided it.Parents and educators should gradually correct their understanding of this group.It is suggested that teachers and parents can explain the social communication significance of direct eye gaze to ASD children in different social situations by social story intervention or video modeling intervention to improve the sensitivity of ASD individuals to the direct eye gaze presented by others and the ability to initiate social communication with others.更多还原