【作者】 田小霞；

【导师】 谭江丽；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 动物学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 触角是昆虫感觉器官最为丰富的部位,富含多种感受器,接受周围环境中的各种刺激,如气味、温湿度、机械刺激等,与昆虫行为关系密切。胡蜂科昆虫尤其是社会性胡蜂种群内部以及种间有着复杂的相互交流,其中,触角感受器在交流信号的接收中发挥着至关重要的作用,触角感受器的类型在分类上也有一定意义。对于触角感受器的重要作用,国内外对胡蜂科昆虫触角感受器形态学的研究尚十分不足。本研究比较了胡蜂科18个代表种雌雄个体的触角感受器的类型、对同类感受器的大小进行差异显著性分析,并针对感受器的性状通过TNT软件进行聚类分析,初步探讨了其在分类中的意义,用石蜡和树脂半薄切片技术,进行了6种胡蜂的触角内部组织结构观察;此外,还运用Micro-CT扫描技术初步研究了胡蜂科昆虫的内部形态结构,并开展了胡蜂科染色体的初步探索。结果如下:(1)扫描电镜观察了18种胡蜂的触角感受器,共发现触角感受器及其亚型19种,包括毛形感受器sensillum trichodeum和腔形感受器pit organs各3种,板形感受器sensillum placodeum、钟形感受器sensillum campaniformium、刺形感受器sensillum chaeticum、锥形感受器sensillum basiconicum以及阿格蒙感受器sensillum agmon各2种,纽扣形感受器sensillum coelocapitular、B(?)hm氏鬃毛和板锥形感受器sensillum plate cone各1种,其中,板锥形感受器只在光真狭腹胡蜂的触角上发现。(2)大部分胡蜂种,雌性感受器的种类多于雄性;常见感受器的大小,在种间以及种内不同性别之间存在显著差异。在胡蜂属Vespa内,板形感受器II型(SP-Ⅱ)的长度在雌蜂中差异显著;在马蜂属Polistes内,毛形感受器I型(ST-Ⅰ)的长度在种间以及种内不同性别间均有显著差异;常见感受器的大小在胡蜂亚科属间均存在显著差异,原胡蜂属Provespa和胡蜂属Vespa感受器相对较大。(3)利用TNT软件聚类分析表明,触角感受器虽然在不同种类中存在差异,但得到的种间相似性结果与前人的系统发育成果比对尚不能完全吻合。(4)触角外部形态在颜色、大小及末节端部差异明显,部分供试种类雄蜂触角末端存在无感受器区域,如柑马蜂Polistes mandarinus、麦氏马蜂P.megei、蒙古马蜂P.mongolicus和黄喙蜾蠃Rhynchium quinquecinctum;部分种类雄蜂的触角鞭节腹面存在角下瘤tyloid,其分布模式与数量在不同种中存在差异。(5)胡蜂的触角内部组织学观察:触角体壁可分为表皮层、皮细胞层和底膜,大部分感觉细胞存在于皮细胞层中,触角腔内分布两条纵贯整个触角的触角神经、气管及其分支、分泌细胞和部分感觉细胞。雄性德国黄胡蜂两条触角神经间的距离大于其他种2条触角神经的间距。(6)此外,初步利用Micro-CT扫描观察了胡蜂的内部形态,包括胸部飞行肌肌肉束的排列,头部单眼、复眼、视叶以及和脑之间连接。更多还原

【Abstract】 Antenna is an important part with most sensory organs,there are numerous and various sensilla,accepting the various stimulus,such as odour,temperature and humidity,mechanical stimulation,which is closely related to the behavior of insect.They play the role of information exchange in the Vespidae especially in the social wasps.In addition,the senilla have some taxonomic significance.however,the morhological research on antennal sensilla of Vespidae insect is less at home and abroad comparing to the function.In this study,I compared the sensilla types,analyzed the significance of difference on the size of the same sensillum,made clustering analysis by TNT among 18 species of wasps,discusses the significance in the system classification.Observed the internal structure of antennae through paraffin sectioning and semi-thin sectioning techniques.Furthermore,studied the internal structure of wasps by Micro-CT,A preliminary study on the chromosome of Vespidae was carried out,the results as follow:(1)By scanning electron microscopy(SEM)on 18 species of Vespidae,19 types of antennal sensilla and their subtypes were found,including three types of sensillum trichodeum and pit organs,two types of sensillum placodeum,sensillum campaniformium,sensillum chaeticum,sensillum basiconicum and sensilla agmon,one kind of sensillum coelocapitular,B(?)hm,and sensillum plate cone.The sensillum plate cone only were observed on the antennae of Eustenogaster micans.(2)Usually,the type of sensilla is more in females than males.For the size of the common sensilla,there were significant differences in different gender and wasps.within the Vespa,SP-Ⅱ length is significant difference in female;Within the Polistes,ST-Ⅰ length is significant difference in inter-species and gender among one species.There were significant differences in the size of the common sensilla in all the genera of Vespinae,with the larger sensilla in Provespa and Vespa.(3)The clustering analysis by TNT indicated,although the sensilla are different among different species,the result of level of similarity is not exactly anastomotic with the results of previous phylogeny.(4)The antennae of Vespidae insects show the differences on external morphology,such as color,size,and the morphology of F10 or F11.In some species of male vespids,there is an area without sensilla,such as Polistes mandarinus,P.megei,P.mongolicus and Rhynchium quinquecinctum.Tyloid exists in the ventral antennae of some male vespids,and its distribution pattern and quantity are also different among different species.(5)Histological observation of antennae by paraffin section and resin semi-thin section,the antennal wall can be divided into cuticle,epidermis and basement membrane.Most sensory cells exist in epidermis,there are two antennal nerves,tracheae,tracheae,intercalary cells,several secretory cells and sensory cells.The distance between two antennal nervess of Male Vespula germanica is large.(6)In addition,the internal morphology of wasps was preliminarily observed by Micro-CT,including the arrangement of the flight muscle bundle in the chest,the monocular,compound eye,optic lobe and the connections between optic lobe and brain of the head.更多还原