【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 杨列； 李柏林；

【作者基本信息】 武汉理工大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）及其衍生的单级自养脱氮工艺由于无需外加碳源、节省能源、降低污泥产生量等优势引起广泛关注,但是单级自养脱氮系统中存在厌氧氨氧菌（AAOB）、氨氧化菌（AOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）等多种功能菌,菌群结构较为复杂,仍然存在启动较慢、运行不稳定等问题。AAOB作为厌氧型细菌,倍增时间较长,不易富集,且易受外部环境影响而出现失稳现象。作为单级自养脱氮系统的重要组成部分,Anammox稳定的脱氮效率对于单级自养脱氮系统必不可少。随着近年来纳米材料的广泛使用导致其迁移转换进入污水处理系统,而纳米材料对Anammox反应的影响机制以及对AAOB的作用机理还未清晰的阐明,纳米材料对Anammox的影响还需更深层次的探究。针对以上问题,本文首先采用序批式反应器（SBR）实现短程硝化的快速启动;并在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）中对Anammox系统进行能效优化。然后探究单级自养脱氮系统启动前后脱氮性能、功能菌活性及菌群结构的变化,为单级自养脱氮系统能效优化提供理论依据。最后研究纳米Fe₂O₃对Anammox的长、短期影响,为Anammox抵御进入污水处理系统的纳米材料的影响提供参考。分析得出结论如下:（1）短程硝化采用SBR反应器,设置进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为130 mg/L,维持p H在7.6-7.7左右,逐步降低DO为0.6-0.7 mg/L,通过“剩余氨氮”的策略,提升出水FA为0.1-1.0 mg/L左右,成功促进AOB的富集,NOB的抑制。第40d,系统氨氮去除率（ARR）为80.7%,亚硝态氮积累率（NAR）稳定在80%以上,氨氮去除负荷（ARL）达到1.39 kg N/m³/d,成功启动短程硝化。短程硝化效能优化阶段,提升进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为150 mg/L,第70-116 d,ARR均值为80.2%,NAR稳定在94.4%左右,ARL最大值达到1.52 kg N/m³/d,短程硝化实现高效稳定运行。（2）Anammox能效优化阶段通过调控进水流速与提升进水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N浓度逐渐提升总氮负荷,经过38 d的运行,总氮去除负荷（NRL）从0.29kg N/m³/d提升为0.98 kg N/m³/d左右。Anammox脱氮能效得到明显优化。MLSS、MLVSS从第1 d的6.856 g/L、4.122 g/L增长为第38 d的6.947 g/L、4.485 g/L。（3）单级自养脱氮工艺维持p H在7.8-8.2、DO在0.1-0.4 mg/L范围内,逐步提升进水NH₄⁺-N浓度（80-240 mg/L）的方式,使单级自养脱氮反应器总氮去除率（NRR）、NRL分别由第1 d的26.51%、0.14 kg N/m³/d提升到第47 d的78.48%、1.20 kg N/m³/d,脱氮效果得到明显的提升。高通量检测显示主要功能菌属AAOB中的Candidatus-Kuenenia、Candidatus-Brocadia分别由11.10%、0.02%变化为8.97%、0.12%;AOB菌属Nitrosomonas丰度由0.09%增长为0.17%;NOB菌属中Nitrospira的丰度由2.16%下降至0.11%。（4）在探究纳米Fe₂O₃对Anammox影响短期实验中,当添加纳米Fe₂O₃的浓度为1-10 mg/L时,Anammox反应没有受到明显影响;纳米Fe₂O₃为20 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化速率（SAA）比未添加纳米Fe₂O₃时降低0.052 g N/g VSS/d,ARR降低6.33%,但在20-50 mg/L范围内,AAOB活性没有随着纳米Fe₂O₃浓度的提升而继续下降。当AAOB长期暴露于50 mg/L的纳米Fe₂O₃条件下,系统脱氮性能指标NRR、NRL分别下降了12.11%、0.13 kg N/m³/d,但Anammox反应没有随着抑制时间的增长出现继续恶化的现象。长期实验中haz功能基因表达下降了29.1%,而Nir K、Nir S没有明显变化;同时胞外聚合物（EPS）分泌量增加,蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）分别由添加前的28.91 mg/g MLSS、33.04 mg/g MLSS增长为36.34 mg/g MLSS、37.04 mg/g MLSS。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the deepening of research,the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal derived from shortcut nitrification and anammox has been widely concerned for its advantages of no additional carbon source and less sludge production.Due to the complex structure of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria（AAOB）,ammonia oxidizing bacteria（AOB）and nitrite oxidizing bacteria（NOB）in Single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process,there ARR still some problems such as slow start-up and unstable operation.In recent years,with the wide use of nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products,the public is concerned about its potential environmental impact.As a completely anaerobic bacteria,AAOB grows slowly,has a long doubling time,is not easy to accumulate,and is prone to instability due to changes in external environment.As an important part of Single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process,the stable nitrogen removal efficiency of anammox is essential for Single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal system.The influence of nano materials on Anammox process and its impact on the environment have not been generally agreed.It is necessary to find more effective ways to mitigate the adverse effects or make full use of nano materials to enhance the performance of wastewater biological treatment system.In order to solve the above problems,In this paper,sequencing batch reactor（SBR）was used to realize the rapid start-up of shortcut nitrification,and the energy efficiency of anammox system was optimized in upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor（UASB）.Then,the changes of denitrification performance,functional bacteria activity and microbial community structure before and after energy efficiency optimization of single-stage autotrophic denitrification system were explored,which provided theoretical basis for energy efficiency optimization of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal system.Finally,the long-term and short-term effects of nano Fe₂O₃ on Anammox were studied to provide reference for exploring the resistance of anammox to nano materials.The conclusions ARR as follows（1）SBR reactor was used for shortcut nitrification,the influent NH₄⁺-N concentration was 130 mg/L,the p H was maintained at 7.6-7.7,and the DO value was gradually reduced to 0.6-0.7 mg/L.through the residual NH₄⁺-N strategy,the effluent FA was increased to about 0.1-1.0,which successfully promoted the enrichment of AOB and the inhibition of NOB.On the 40th day,the ammonia nitrogen removal rate（ARR）was 80.7%,the nitrite nitrogen accumulation rate（NAR）was more than 80%,and the ammonia nitrogen removal load（ARL）was 1.39 kg N/m³/d.the short cut nitrification was successfully started.In the optimization stage of shortcut nitrification,the concentration of NH₄⁺-N in the influent was 150 mg/L,the average ARR was 80.2%,NAR was stable at about 94.4%,and the maximum value of ARL was 1.52 kg N/m³/d.the short cut nitrification was operated efficiently and stably.（2）In the energy efficiency optimization stage of Anammox,the total nitrogen load was gradually increased by adjusting the flow rate and increasing the influent NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N.after 38 days of operation,the total nitrogen removal load（NRL）increased from 0.29 kg N/m³/d to about 0.98 kg N/m³/d.The denitrification performance of anammox was significantly improved.MLSS and MLVSS increased from 6.856 g/L and 4.122 g/L on the first day to 6.947 g/L and 4.485 g/L on the 38th day.（3）The total nitrogen removal rate（NRR）and total NRL of Single stage autotrophic nitrogen removal reactor were increased from 26.51%and 0.14 kg N/m³/d on the first day to 78.48%and 1.20 kg N/m³/d on the 47th day by gradually increasing the influent NH₄⁺-N concentration（80-240 mg/L）in the range of p H 7.8-8.2 and DO in the range of 0.1-0.4 mg/L.The results showed that Candida kuenenia and Candidatus brocadia in aaob increased from 11.10%and 0.02%to 8.97%and 0.12%,respectively;the abundance of Nitrosomonas increased from 0.09%to 0.17%;the abundance of Nitrospira in NOB decreased from 2.16%to 0.11%.（4）When the concentration of nano Fe₂O₃ was 1-10 mg/L,the anammox reaction was not affected in the short experiment;when the nano Fe₂O₃ was 20 mg/L,the anammox rate（SAA）decreased by 0.052 g N/g VSS/d and the ARR decreased by 6.33%,but in the range of 20-50 mg/L,NRR and NRL decreased by 12.11%and 0.13 kgn/m³/d respectively.When Anammox was exposed to 50 mg/L nano Fe₂O₃ for a long time,the denitrification performance of anammox decreased to a certain extent.However,the system did not deteriorate with the increase of inhibition time.Among them,haz decreased by 27.9%,while nir K and nir S did not change significantly.At the same time,the secretion of Extracellular polymers（EPS）increased,protein（PN）and Polysaccharide（PS）increased from 28.91 mg/g MLSS and 33.04 mg/g MLSS to 36.34mg/g MLSS and 37.04 mg/g MLSS respectively.更多还原