【作者】 陈斌；

【导师】 商蕾；

【作者基本信息】 武汉理工大学 ， 轮机工程， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 随着全球邮轮旅游行业的快速发展,世界范围内的邮轮旅客量逐年增加,邮轮海难事故对人生命财产带来了严重的威胁。经调查发现,邮轮火灾在海难事故中占据比例较高,而且由于邮轮体量庞大、载客量多、可燃物多,一旦发生火灾,极易造成人员伤亡。在过去的研究中,船舶火灾和人员安全疏散研究是国内外许多研究学者关注的重点,但将船舶火灾发展过程与人员疏散直接联系在一起分析的研究还较少。因此针对以上问题,本文对邮轮火灾发展、烟气蔓延以及特定情境下乘客和船员群体疏散行为进行了研究,主要工作如下:(1)调研了与邮轮火灾和人员安全疏散相关的理论知识,描述了船舶客舱火灾类型,搭建了以火灾动态模拟(Fire Dynamic Simulation,FDS)场模拟理论为基础的火灾数学模型,然后分别从宏观和微观角度对人员疏散模型进行了分析,并从火灾预警阶段、人员反应阶段和人员疏散阶段总结了影响人员疏散的因素,确定了人员安全疏散的性能化标准为可用安全疏散时间(Available Safety Egress Time,ASET)必须大于必需安全疏散时间(Required Safety Egress Time,RSET)。(2)以某邮轮为研究对象,通过设定火源位置、划分网格、确定热释放速率、设置观测点位置建立邮轮客舱的Pyro Sim物理模型。以能见度、温度和CO浓度为安全评价指标建立危险性参数控制标准。分析四种火灾场景下烟气扩散、能见度、温度和CO浓度分布规律,并确定不同关键地方的观测点达到安全评价指标危险临界值的时间,从而计算各火灾场景下可用安全疏散时间ASET。(3)以国际海事组织船舶疏散指南的相关理论为基础,提出邮轮火灾人员疏散的基本要求和假设,通过设定疏散人员数量和分布、年龄和性别、行走速度、疏散路径建立Pathfinder人员疏散模型,并分为两种疏散情景进行模拟。通过分析疏散结果计算邮轮客舱人员的必需安全疏散时间RSET。(4)结合可用安全疏散时间ASET和必需安全疏散时间RSET判断邮轮客舱人员的安全性,分析导致不能安全疏散的原因并依此提出火灾防范措施和安全疏散对策。研究工作可以为进一步加强邮轮在设计、建造和航行过程中的火灾防控,乘客在危急情况下的安全疏散提供帮助,因此具有极其重要的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of the global cruise tourism industry,the number of cruise passengers worldwide has been increasing annually.Whereas,the shipwreck accidents of cruise ships can put passengers in jeopardy of serious,and often fatal injuries and bring about property losses.Statistics show that the cruise ship fire accounts for a high proportion of shipwreck accidents.Cruise ships are of huge size,carrying a large number of passengers and combustible materials;once a fire occurs,it is easy to cause casualties.In the past,the studies on ship fires and personnel evacuation were separately carried out by many research scholars at home and abroad,while only a few explored the significance of the study on ship fires to personnel evacuation planning.Given that,this thesis studied the cruise ship fire development,smoke spread,and the evacuation behavior of passengers and crew in specific situations.The study was carried out as follows:(1)The theoretical basis for cruise ship fires and personnel evacuation was established by referring to relevant literature.Ship cabin fires were divided into different categories.A mathematical model of fire has been built based on the FDS field simulation theory.All evacuation models were analyzed from both macro and micro perspectives.The factors affecting personnel evacuation fell in three stages,namely,the fire warning stage,personnel response stage and personnel evacuation stage.The performance-based standard for personnel evacuation was established,stipulating that the available safety evacuation time(ASET)must be longer than the required safety evacuation time(RSET).(2)Taking a cruise ship as the research object,the Pyro Sim physical model of the cruise cabin was set up by dividing the grid and setting the location of the fire source,the heat release rate,and the position of the observation point.A risk parameter control standard was established based on the safety evaluation index of visibility,temperature,and CO concentration.The distribution of smoke,visibility,temperature and CO concentration in four kinds of fire scenes and the time points when the observation points in different key places reach the risk threshold of safety evaluation index were studied,so as to calculate the ASET in each fire scene.(3)The basic requirements and assumptions for the evacuation of cruise ship fire personnel were formulated based on the Ship Evacuation Guidelines released by the International Maritime Organization.The Pathfinder personnel evacuation model was established by setting the number,location,age,gender,walking speed of evacuation personnel and evacuation path.The evacuation model was simulated in two scenarios.The RSET of the passengers of the cruise ship was calculated by analyzing the evacuation results.(4)The ASET and the RSET were both taken as decisive index indicating the safety of cruise cabin personnel.Reasons for the inability to evacuate safely were sorted out and fire prevention measures and safety evacuation countermeasures were planned accordingly.The study can further strengthen the fire prevention and control of cruise ships during the design,construction,and navigation process,and play a reference role in evacuating passengers in critical situations,so it is of great practical significance.更多还原