【作者】 嘎日迪；

【导师】 赵格日乐图； 曹垒；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古师范大学 ， 动物生态学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 东方白鹳是世界濒危物种,也是国家一级重点保护野生动物。本文结合卫星追踪、越冬调查与文献数据,针对国际鸟盟(Birdlife)提供的分布图,更新了东方白鹳繁殖地和越冬地的分布范围,计算了2020年的种群数量和趋势;同时针对短距离迁徙的渤海湾越冬群体,阐明了其栖息地选择、活动家域范围和保护现状。其主要结果如下:(1)东方白鹳分为野生种群和人工繁殖种群。人工繁殖的不迁徙种群在日本分布,本文在日本保留了国际鸟盟(Birdlife)建议的越冬范围。野生种群在中国东北和俄罗斯远东繁殖,主要在中国越冬,少数在韩国越冬。本研究在原有繁殖区(俄罗斯远东、中国东北松嫩平原和三江平原)的基础上,扩大了俄罗斯滨海边疆区,中国东北松嫩平原东部和三江平原西部湿地;新增了河北省(唐山丰南区)、天津市(静海区)、山东省(黄河三角洲)、江苏省(高邮市和大丰麋鹿保护区)等沿海区域;新增了长江流域的江西省(鄱阳县、余干县、进贤县)和安徽省(望江县)等内陆区域。把原有越冬区(中国东南部、台湾、韩国)中的中国内陆分布范围缩小到长江中下游流域的湖南省、湖北省、江西省、安徽省、江苏省和上海市;沿海越冬区新增了辽河口区域和辽东半岛南部区域,其它沿海区域越冬区缩小到江苏省盐城市、上海崇明东滩和南汇东滩、香港米铺保护区。韩国新增了东北角的沿海区域。(2)基于2018-2021年野外调查数据,获得东方白鹳野生种群最新数量估计值,约为6300只。与2012年的种群数量估计值3000只相比呈明显上升趋势,其中中国(6000只)和韩国(300只)的数量都上升。日本人工繁殖种群的数量为100只,与2012年的5只相比也呈上升趋势。(3)中国东方白鹳越冬群体有两条迁徙通道,长距离迁徙群体在长江越冬,其越冬数量约为5700只;短距离迁徙群体在渤海湾及其周边区域越冬,其越冬数量约为300只。两个群体可共用繁殖地,有些个体在不同年度可利用不同越冬区。(4)长江中下游越冬的东方白鹳长距离迁徙群体在越冬期的分布特征:主要分布在江西鄱阳湖和安徽湖群;2017/2018-2019/2020年和2003/2004-2004/2005年两个时间段关键位点(1%=60只)的比较发现,该物种的越冬区集中分布于鄱阳湖、升金湖、菜子湖、武昌湖和陈瑶湖,同时这些地区的数量也在增加,但黄大湖的栖息地丧失了;东方白鹳最重要越冬地鄱阳湖的分布变化结果为分布越来越扩散,数量越来越多,主要集中于鄱阳湖西岸和西南岸。上述结果表明,东方白鹳在长江湿地的越冬面积没有显著增加,但关键位点内的分布密度显著升高。在韩国越冬的东方白鹳群体,越冬于仁川广域市、忠清南道、全罗北道和全罗南道。基于2020/21年越冬调查,韩国有13个关键越冬位点(1%=3),主要分布于西部沿海区域。(5)东方白鹳短距离迁徙群体在渤海湾越冬,从11月中下旬至4月下旬,个体越冬期146±32(平均值±标准差)天。越冬期(N=14)日间觅食位点数据和2020年的Google地球影像图叠加发现,越冬期的非结冰期,该物种主要利用围垦区和自然淡水湿地,而结冰期主要利用鱼塘、虾池和盐田等围垦区;东方白鹳虽然在渤海湾越冬,但觅食并不利用沿海滩涂,而利用内陆淡水湿地,说明该物种是典型的淡水物种。(6)渤海湾区域越冬的东方白鹳短距离迁徙群体,越冬于辽宁辽河口、辽东半岛南部、河北唐山曹妃甸区和山东黄河三角洲;越冬关键位位点在河北唐山曹妃甸区和山东黄河三角洲;采用核密度法分析越冬地核心分布区域结果为,50%的核心家域范围为2008.4 km~2,90%的家域范围为16171.9 km~2。上述四个越冬区域对应的辽宁双台河口国家级自然保护区、辽宁大连斑海豹国家级自然保护区、山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区(河北唐山曹妃甸区没有国家级保护区)境内东方白鹳的受保护比例分别为:辽宁辽河口和辽东半岛为10.7%、山东黄河三角洲为2.5%、因河北唐山曹妃甸区没有国家级保护区而河北唐山曹妃甸区为0%。说明短距离迁徙群体在越冬地的保护比例较低。综上,本研究首次更新了东方白鹳的分布范围,阐明了该物种的种群数量趋势,分析了渤海湾越冬种群的越冬期栖息地选择行为模式和家域,同时还探讨了该物种种群数量上升的因素,这些研究结果能够为东方白鹳在繁殖地与越冬地的保护管理提供科学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Oriental Stork is an endangered species in the world,and it is also a national first-level protected wild animal.Based on the data of satellite tracking,overwintering surveys and literatures,this paper updates the distribution range of breeding and overwintering sites for the distribution map provided by Birdlife International of Oriental Stork and calculates the population size and trend in 2020.In addition,the habitat selection,activity range and protection status of the short-distance migrating overwintering population in Bohai Bay are illustrated.The main results are as follows:The Oriental Stork is divided into a wild population and a captive breeding population.The Captive-bred non-migratory population is distributed in Japan,where this paper preserves the wintering range recommended by Birdlife International.The wild population breeds in Northeast China and Russian Far East,and winters mainly in China,with a few in South Korea.Based on the original breeding areas(Russian Far East,Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China),this study expands the wetland areas of Russian Primorsky Krai,the eastern Songnen Plain and the western Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China;adds coastal areas in Hebei Province(Tangshan Fengnan District),Tianjin City(Jinghai District),Shandong Province(Yellow River Delta),Jiangsu Province(Gaoyou City and Dafeng Milu Reserve)and other areas;Inland regions such as the Yangtze River Basin(Poyang County,Yogan County and Jinxian County)in Jiangxi Province and Wangjiang County in Anhui Province are added.The inland areas in China of original wintering areas(southeastern China,Taiwan,and South Korea)are reduced to Hunan Province,Hubei Province,Jiangxi Province,Anhui Province,Jiangsu Province,and Shanghai in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin;the Liaohe Estuary area and the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula are added to the coastal wintering areas,however the wintering areas in other coastal areas are reduced to Yancheng City,Jiangsu Province,Chongming Dongtan and Nanhui Dongtan in Shanghai,and the Mi Pu Reserve in Hong Kong.The coastal area in the northeast corner of South Korea are added.the latest estimate of the wild population of Oriental Storks is about 6,300individuals based on the field survey data from 2018 to 2021,compared to c.3000 in2012,the number show that a significant upward trend with increases in both China(c.6000)and South Korea(c.300).The artificial breeding population numbers c.100 in Japan,which is on the rise compared with 5 in 2012.There are two migration routes for the wintering population of the Oriental Stork in China.One is the long-distance migration population that overwinters in the Yangtze River,and the wintering population numbers c.5700,another is the short distance migration population that overwinters in Bohai Bay and its surrounding areas,the overwintering populations numbers c.300.The two populations can use common breeding grounds,and some individuals can use different wintering areas in different years.Distribution characteristics of long distance migratory populations of Oriental Stork during the wintering period in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River:They were mainly distributed in Poyang Lake and Anhui Lake Group in Jiangxi.Comparison of key sites(1%=60)between 2017/2018-2019/2020 and2003/2004-2004/2005 showed that the wintering areas of the species were concentrated in Poyang Lake,Shengjin Lake,Caizi Lake,Wuchang Lake and Chenyao Lake,and the population in these areas was also increasing,but the habitat of Huangdahu Lake has faded.The distribution of Oriental Storks in Poyang Lake(the most important wintering area)is becoming more and more widespread,mainly concentrated on the west and southwest bank of Poyang Lake.The results indicate that the wintering area of the Oriental Stork in the Yangtze River wetland has not increased significantly,but the distribution density in key sites has increased significantly.Korean-wintering Oriental Storks wintering in Inchon,South Chungcheong,North Jeollanam and South Jeollanam provinces.Based on the 2020/21overwintering survey,there are 13 key overwintering loci(1%=3)in South Korea,mainly distributed in the western coastal areas.The short-distance migratory population of Oriental Stork overwintered in Bohai Bay from mid to late November to late April.The individual overwintering period was 146±32(mean±standard deviation)days.The overlays of overwintering(N=14)daytime foraging site data and Google Earth images in 2020 revealed that the species mainly used reclamation areas and natural freshwater wetlands in the non-glacial period during the overwintering period,while the species mainly used reclamation areas such as fish ponds,shrimp ponds and salt fields in the glacial period.Although Oriental Stork overwinters in Bohai Bay,it uses inland freshwater wetlands instead of coastal tidal flats for foraging,which indicating that this species is a typical freshwater species.The short-distance migratory Oriental Stork population of overwintering in Bohai Bay area,overwintering in Liaohe Estuary of Liaoning Province,southern Liaodong Peninsula,Caofeidian District of Tangshan,Hebei Province and Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province.The key sites of overwintering were in Caofeidian area of Tangshan,Hebei Province and Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province.The core distribution area of the wintering land was analyzed by the kernel density method.The results showed that 50%of the core home range was 2,008.4 km~2,and 90%of the core home range was 16,171.9 km~2.In the above four wintering areas:Shuangtai Hekou National Nature Reserve in Liaoning,Dalian Spotted Seal National Nature Reserve in Liaoning,and Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve in Shandong(there is no national nature reserve in Caofeidian District in Tangshan,Hebei),the proportion of Oriental White Storks protected are:10.7%in Liaohe Estuary and Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning,2.5%in Yellow River Delta in Shandong,and 0%in Caofeidian District in Tangshan,Hebei(there is no national protection area).This indicates that the protection proportion of short-distance migratory groups in the wintering ground is low.In conclusion,this research is the first to update the distribution range of Oriental Stork,illustrates the species population trends,analysis wintering habitat choice behavior model and home range of the bohai bay wintering population,at the same time also probes into the factors that increase the number of species,these results provide a scientific basis for the Oriental Stork protection and management in reproduction and wintering sites.更多还原