【作者】 王静；

【导师】 赵银亮；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 国际政治， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 对外援助是日本二战后恢复正常对外关系、重回国际舞台的重要外交手段之一。冷战结束后日本对外援助已经超出单纯的经济利益考量,开始重视全球性问题。随着气候变暖、森林破坏、海洋污染等全球各类环境问题的日益凸显以及国际社会绿色援助潮流的兴起,日本也逐渐重视起在环境领域的外交战略,欲借助环境援助这一外交工具在国际环境议题上占据主导权。东南亚与日本地缘关系独特,对日本政治、经济、安全等方面的利益有着至关重要的影响,因此也是日本援助项目和资金投放的首选区域。日本自战后便以战争赔偿等形式向东南亚国家提供对外援助。随着双方关系的进一步深化,日本对东南亚的援助活动呈现出多元化发展趋势,其中环保项目也成为日本援助东南亚的重点内容之一。冷战期间日本对东南亚地区开展的环境援助项目主要集中于与环境相关的基础设施建设,缺乏对当地环保问题的实际考量,因此收效甚微。冷战结束后,日本开始借助各类环境机制,积极同东南亚国家开展环境对话,并以与环保相关的政府开发援助为主要工具深化与东南亚的环境合作关系,大大改善了日本在东南亚的国家形象,同时也提升了日本在该地区环境议题上的影响力和竞争力。与欧美大多数国家将援助作为“慈善事业”的援助理念不同,日本对外援助的基本理念之一是“互利互惠”主义,即日本始终是将实现本国利益放在重要位置的同时,考虑援助受援国的发展问题。与传统国际关系理论相比,社会交换理论在研究对外援助问题时注意到了援助和受援双方之间的利益互惠关系,同时还强调了在总体权力对比上作为“弱”势一方的受援国在援助交换关系中所拥有的权力资源,其主要包括三类权力:自然性权力、制度性权力、派生性权力。在日本援助东盟实现低碳社会发展的过程中,日本与东盟受援国在这一援助交换关系中呈现出明显的利益互惠关系:对日本而言,开展环境援助有助于继续维持其在该地区的政治、经济以及安全等多方面的利益诉求;对东盟受援国而言,环境援助项目所带来的资金、技术和治理经验本身就是一种获益,利用这些援助资源也能够进一步提高自身的环境治理能力。另外,根据社会交换理论对受援国在具体问题领域权力资源的分类,东盟受援国在环境援助交换关系中也拥有三类权力资源:在自然性权力上,东南亚地区丰富的自然资源、国家特殊的地理位置以及广大的商业投资市场等天然优势使其在援助交换过程中对日本形成一定的权力资源;在制度性权力上,东南亚国家作为国际社会成员和东南亚国家联盟中的一员,能够同时利用国际组织和东盟组织等多类国际机制,在国际性以及地区性事务方面对日本产生的影响不可小觑;在派生性权力上,其他援助国尤其是中韩等国对东南亚环境援助的投入给东南亚带来了更多的援助选择,降低了对日本环境援助的依赖,进而增加了东南亚与日本讨价还价的权力。尽管冷战后日本对东南亚的环境援助具有较强的利益互惠性,但在实际的援助开展过程中,仍然存在一些影响因素制约了双方环境援助交换关系的进一步发展。就日本而言,首先基于“自助努力”的援助理念使其对受援国实际状况的考量不够充分;其次,以贷款为主的援助结构也会降低受援国申请环境援助项目的积极性;再次,就援助内容上,日本在“一般环境保护”项目为主的援助活动投入比例较小,这也与其在国际舞台上争做“环保大国”所做出的承诺不太相符。就东南亚而言,一方面绝大多数东南亚国家政府都认为经济发展相较于环境保护更加重要;另一方面,大部分受援国自身的环境监管体系发展不成熟,管理能力较弱,导致援助资源未能得到充分利用。从发展长远的援助交换关系来看,这些影响因素都不利于日本在东南亚地区推进其环境援助项目。更多还原

【Abstract】 Foreign aid is one of Japan’s important diplomatic methods to restore normal foreign relations and return to the international arena after World War II,which has gone far beyond pure consideration of economic interests and has begun to attach importance to global issues at the end of the Cold War.With the increasing emergence of various global environmental problems such as climate warming,forest destruction,marine pollution,together with the rise of the international community’s green aid trend,Japan has gradually paid attention to its diplomatic strategy in the environmental field,using its aid as a diplomatic tool to take the lead in international environmental issues.There is unique geographical relationship between countries in Southeast Asian and Japan,which can lead to vital influence on Japan’s political,economic,and security interests.Therefore,this region is prior to Japanese aid projects and funding for a long time.Since the Cold War,Japan has provided foreign aid to Southeast Asian countries mainly in the form of war compensation.Due to further deepening relationship between the two sides,Japan’s assistance activities to Southeast Asia have shown a diversified development trend,where environmental protection projects have also become one of the key contents of Japan’s assistance to Southeast Asia.In this period,Japan’s environmental assistance projects in Southeast Asia mainly focused on environmental-related infrastructure construction.Lacking practical consideration of local environmental issues,the aid effects were minimal and unsatisfying.After the end of the Cold War,Japan began to use various environmental mechanisms to actively engage in environmental dialogues with Southeast Asian countries,in accordance with official development assistance related to environmental protection as the main tool to enhance environmental cooperation with Southeast Asia recipients,which greatly improved Japan’s national image in Southeast Asia and strengthened Japan’s influence and competitiveness on environmental issues in this region.Unlike most countries in Europe and the United States who regard “aid” as a“charity”,one of the basic concepts of Japan’s foreign aid follows is the doctrine of“mutual benefit and reciprocity”.In other words,Japan always highlights the realization of its own interests while assisting developing countries.Compared with the traditional theory of international relations,the Social Exchange Theory pays more attention to the mutual benefit relationship between both the donors and the recipients when studying foreign aid.Meanwhile,this theory also emphasizes the recipient country’s power as the “weak” party in terms of overall power comparison.The power resources possessed in the aid exchange relationship mainly include three types of power: natural power,institutional power,and derived power.In the example of Japan’s support for the development of a low-carbon society in ASEAN,Japan and the ASEAN recipient countries have shown a clear mutual benefit in this aid exchange relationship: for Japan,environmental assistance helps to maintain its political,economic,and security interests in this region.When comes to the ASEAN recipient countries,they all benefit from the capital,technology,and governance experience brought by environmental aid projects.The use of these aid resources can also further improve their environmental governance capabilities.In addition,according to the classification of the power resources of the recipient countries in the specific problem areas in Social Exchange Theory,the ASEAN recipient countries also have three types of power resources in the process of environmental assistance exchange.Firstly,the rich natural resources in Southeast Asia,the special geographical location,the vast commercial investment market and other natural advantages form a certain natural power resource for Southeast Asia in the process of aid exchange.Second,Southeast Asian countries,as members of the international community and a member of ASEAN,can simultaneously utilize international mechanisms like International organizations and ASEAN organizations to make an influence on Japan in terms of international and regional affairs.Thirdly,other potential donors,especially from China and South Korea,have brought recipients more aid options,which reduces the Southeast Asia’s dependence on Japanese environmental assistance.It,in return,increases the power of Southeast Asia when bargaining with Japan.Although Japan’s environmental assistance to Southeast Asia after the Cold War has a strong reciprocity of benefits,in the actual aid development process,there are still some negative factors that restrict the further development of the environmental aid exchange relationship between both sides.As far as Japan is concerned,the aid concept based on "self-help efforts" makes it insufficiently consider the actual situation of the recipient countries.Then,the aid structure based on loans will also reduce the enthusiasm and activeness of recipient countries to apply for assistance projects related to environmental protection.In terms of aid contents,Japan’s investment in aid activities focusing on “general environmental protection” projects is relatively small,which is not in line with its commitment to becoming an“environmental protection power” on the international stage.As for Southeast Asia,on the one hand,most governments in this region believe that economic development is prior to environmental protection;on the other hand,a majority of recipient countries themselves lack strict environmental supervision systems and mature management capabilities,leading to inadequate usage of assistance resources.From the perspective of long-term aid exchange relations,these negative factors are not conducive to Japan’s promotion of its environmental aid projects in Southeast Asia.更多还原