【作者】 李洁；

【导师】 万五星； 王效科；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 生理生态学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 公园作为一项社会公共服务资源,是居民进行观赏、休憩和开展户外活动的场所,公园植物有助于维护城市生态平衡。本文以河北省47个市辖区和20个县级市建成区内公园为研究对象,通过对公园数量和面积的统计,并采用典型调查法对河北省城市公园进行植被调查,探讨了河北省各不同规模的城市市辖区和县级市建成区内公园的现存状况。分析了不同规模的城市公园分布特征和城市公园植物多样性,探讨了城市规模对城市公园的面积、数量以及公园植物物种多样性的影响。研究结果如下。在河北省所有的市辖区和县级市建成区内,共统计出具有明确标识的公园435个,占地4778.126 hm2。在市辖区内共有公园317个,占地3942.078 hm2,在县级市内共有公园118个,占地836.048 hm2。大多市辖区建成区内公园总数量在10个以内,总面积在100 hm2以内,大多县级市建成区内公园总数量在10个以内,总面积在50 hm2以内。承德市公园总数量最少,公园总面积最小,石家庄市公园总数量最多,唐山市公园总面积最大。廊坊、邯郸、保定、秦皇岛、沧州城市公园规模差异性较小,承德和张家口城市公园规模差异性较小,衡水和邢台城市公园差异性较小,石家庄和唐山城市公园规模与其他城市差异性较大。在城市社会经济对城市公园分布的影响中,相关性分析结果表明:建成区面积越大、城镇人口数量越多、第二产业值越大、第三产业值越大,建成区内公园总数量越多;建成区面积越大、城镇人口数量越多、地区生产总值越大、第三产业值越大,建成区内公园总面积越大,说明城市的扩张、人口数量的增长、经济综合实力的发展以及服务业的发展,促进着建成区内公园数量的增加和面积的扩张。建成区面积越大,建成区内公园数量相对越少,建成区内公园面积的比例越高。城镇人口越多,建成区内公园数量相对越少,建成区内公园面积相对越小。对各城市公园数量的影响因素进行主成分分析发现:城市公园数量与建成区面积、城镇人口数量和第三产业的发展相关性较大,与综合经济、第一产业、第二产业和工业的发展的相关性相对较小。对河北省各城市公园面积的影响因素进行主成分分析发现:相较于城市经济水平:城市生产总值、第一产业值、第二产业值、工业值而言,城市公园面积与城市建成区面积、城镇人口数量、第三产业值相关性更大。采用典型调查法,对河北省66个公园进行了植被调查,共发现93种乔木、61种灌木、164种草本。统计结果表明:河北省城市公园常用栽培乔木为:国槐Sophora japonica Linn.、栾树Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.和油松Pinus tabuliformis Carr.等;优选种植灌木为榆叶梅Amygdalus triloba(Lindl.)Ricker、冬青卫矛Euonymus japonicus Thunb.和木槿Hibiscus syriacus Linn.等;广泛应用的绿化草本为:狗尾草Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.、牛筋草Eleusine indica(L.)Gaertn.和萱草Hemerocallis fulva(L.)L.等。城市公园总体植物群落多样性大小表现为:邢台、邯郸、廊坊、唐山、沧州、保定、秦皇岛、石家庄、衡水、张家口、承德。承德市城市公园植物群落均匀度最低,邢台市最高。城市公园植物多样性与城市经济、人口、气候等因素的相关性分析结果表明:城市生产总值越大,公园乔木、灌木、植物群落物种丰富度越大;城市第二产业值越大,公园乔木、植物群落物种丰富度越大;城市第三产业值越大,城市公园乔木、灌木、植物群落物种丰富度越大;城市工业值越大,城市公园乔木、植物群落物种丰富度越大;城市人口数量越多,城市公园内乔木、灌木物种丰富度越大;城市建成区内公园总面积越大,公园草本、植物群落物种丰富度越大;城市建成内公园数量越多,公园内乔木、灌木物种丰富度越大。城市社会经济指标与公园植物多样性和均匀度不存在显著的关系。城市年平均降水量对城市公园植物多样性没有明显影响;城市年平均气温越高,公园内乔木物种多样性、均匀度越高。对河北省城市公园乔木、灌木、草本和群落的植物多样性影响因素进行主成分分析发现:在城市公园乔木层,物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的大小,与第一产业值、工业值、第二产业值的相关性较大,而Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数受城市建成区面积、公园面积、公园数量、城镇人口数量的影响较大。在城市公园灌木层,物种丰富度的大小与城市城镇人口数量、公园数量、公园面积的相关性较大,物种多样性和均匀度与所研究的社会因素和气候因素相关性都较小。在城市公园草本层,物种丰富度、多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,与城市公园面积、公园数量、建成区面积、城镇人口数量和城市年平均降水量的相关性较大,与城市经济水平和年平均气温相关性小。就公园植物群落来看,公园植物物种丰富度和Simpson多样性指数与城市建成区面积、公园面积、公园数量和城镇人口数量、年平均降水量相关性较大,而植物Pielou均匀度指数受城市经济指标:生产总值、第一产业值、第二产业值、第三产业值、工业值和年平均气温的影响比较大。本文的研究结果可以为探究河北省城市公园发展规律和维持机制提供可靠的理论依据,有助于河北省今后的城市公园规划和城市植物多样性保护与利用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Park,as a social public service resource,is a place for residents to view and admire,have a rest and carry out outdoor activities.Park plants help to maintain the ecological balance of the city.Taking the parks built in 47 municipal district and 20 county-level cities in Heibei province as the research object,the number,the area and the plant species of the park system are investigated and analyzed.The current situation of the city park in Heibei province is revealed.Typical vegetation survey method is employed to investigate the plant diversity of city parks in Heibei province.Multiple characteristics and influencing factors for urban park of different scales cities are studied.Plant diversity and the influencing factors are discussed.This paper analyzes the distribution characteristics and plant diversity of urban parks of different scales,and discusses the influence of urban scale on the area,quantity and plant species diversity of urban parks.The results are as follows.In all municipal districts and county-level cities built up areas in Hebei Province,a total of 435 parks with clear green space characteristics are identified.The covering area is about 4778.126 hectares.317 parks of them are distributed in municipal districts,covering an area of 3942.078 hectares.And 118 parks are distributed in county-level cities,covering an area of 836.048 hectares.The total number of parks built in most municipal districts and county-level cities are less than 10 separately.And the total area of the parks in municipal districts and county-level cities are usually less than 100 hectares and 50 hectares separately.Among them,the total number of parks in Chengde City is the least.The total area of parks in Chengde City is the smallest,too.The total number of parks in Shijiazhuang City is the most.And the total area of parks in Tangshan City is the largest.Viewing from the size of the parks of the different cities,Langfang,Handan,Baoding,Qinhuangdao,Cangzhou are close to each other.Chengde and Zhangjiakou are similar.Hengshui and Xingtai are similar with each other.Tangshan and Shijiazhuang have larger scale of parks than other cities.Through analyzing the impact of urban scale on urban parks,the results show that the number of parks has positive correlationship with the built-up area,the number of urban population,the value of the secondary industry and the value of the tertiary industry of the cities.The total parks area has positive correlationship with the built-up area,the number of urban population,the GDP and the value of the tertiary industry of the cities.It shows that the expansion of the city,the growth of the population,the development of the comprehensive economic strength and the development of the service industry promote the increase of the number of parks and the expansion of the park in the built-up area in diverse cities of Hebei province.The larger the built-up area is,the fewer the number of parks and the higher the proportion of the parks area relatively are.The greater the number of urban population is,the fewer the number of parks and the smaller the park area relatively are.Through the PCA analysis of the influencing factors on park number in each city,the results show that the numbers of park has a greater correlation with the built-up area,urban population and the development of the tertiary industry,but less with the development of the comprehensive economy,the primary industry,the secondary industry and industry.Compared to the city economic indexes: GDP,primary industry value,secondary industry value and industrial value,the area of parks is more correlated with urban built-up area,urban population and tertiary industry value.Using typical investigation method,the vegetation in 66 parks is investigated.93 arbor species,61 shrub species and 164 herbaceous species are recorded.The statistical results show that the commonly cultivated arbors in urban parks of Hebei province are:Sophora japonica Linn.,Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.and Pinus tabuliformis Carr.;etc.The preferred planting shrubs are Amygdalus triloba(Lindl.)Ricker,Euonymus japonicus Thunb.and Hibiscus syriacus Linn.;etc.Widely used green herbs are Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.,Eleusine indica(L.)Gaertn.and Hemerocallis fulva(L.)L.;etc.The diversity of plant communities in urban parks from high to low is as follows: Xingtai,Handan,Langfang,Tangshan,Cangzhou,Baoding,Qinhuangdao,Shijiazhuang,Hengshui,Zhangjiakou and Chengde.The evenness of plant community in Chengde city park is the lowest and Xingtai city is the highest.The results of the correlationship between plant diversity and city economy,population,climate and other factors show that the greater the gross urban product is,the more arbor,shrub,herb and plant community species in city parks are.The higher the secondary industry value is,the more arbor and plant community species in city parks are;The higher the tertiary industry value is,the more arbor,shrub and plant community species are in city parks.The larger the total industrial value of the city is,the greater the numbers of arbor and plant community species in the city park are.The more urban population is,the more arbor and shrub species in urban parks are.The larger the urban built-up area is,the more herb species are found in the park and the greater the overall richness of the park plant community is.The more parks in urban built-up areas are,the more arbor and shrub in urban parks are.The higher the annual mean temperature in the city is,the higher the diversity and evenness of the arbor in the urban parks are.But the annual mean precipitation has no obvious effect on the park plants.Through the PCA analysis of the influencing factors on the plant diversity of arbor,shrub and herb in each city park,results are found that: in the arbor layer,species richness and Shannon Wiener diversity index have a great correlationship with primary industry value,secondary industry value and industrial value of the city.Simpson diversity index and Pielou evenness index are greatly affected by built-up area,park area,the number of parks and the number of urban population of the city.In the shrub layer,species richness is significantly correlated with the number of urban population,the number of parks and the area of parks,while species diversity and evenness have little correlation with the social and climatic factors.In the herb layer,species richness,diversity index and Pielou evenness index are significantly correlated with the area of parks,the number of parks,the built-up area,the number of urban population and the annual average precipitation of the city,but less correlated with the economic level and annual average temperature of the city.For park plant community,there is a significant correlationship between plant species richness,Simpson diversity index and built-up area,park area,park number,urban population and annual average precipitation,seperately.Pielou evenness index is significantly affected by economic indexes: GDP,primary industry value,secondary industry value,tertiary industry value,industrial value and annual mean temperature.The results of this study can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the study of the development law and maintenance mechanism of urban parks in Hebei Province.It can also contribute to the future planning of city park and the protection and utilization of urban plant diversity in Hebei Province.更多还原