【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 王向鹏；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 世界古代史， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 摩苏尔位于巴格达西北处,自古典时代就是两河流域北部重镇。11世纪,在乌盖利德王朝时期,摩苏尔成为贾兹拉地区重要政治中心。到11世纪中后期,随着塞尔柱苏丹国兴起,势力不断扩大,摩苏尔逐渐沦为巴格达苏丹权力的附庸,双方之间逐渐形成一种较为稳固的依附关系。随着塞尔柱苏丹国及叙利亚北部地方势力的纷争,摩苏尔的政治军事作用凸显,与北部地区政局变动深刻联系在一起,相应地,塞尔柱苏丹对摩苏尔的控制也在强化。第一次十字军战争爆发后,法兰克人趁伊斯兰世界内部分裂之际在东方迅速进军,蚕食土地,建立若干封建政权,并在12世纪早期以耶路撒冷王国为中心,形成了所谓拉丁东方,不断扩展势力范围。在法兰克人处于强势优势地位的情势下,内部分裂、互相敌对的伊斯兰世界鲜有反击和起色。摩苏尔因在北部内陆腹地特殊地缘政治优势,凭借着在塞尔柱苏丹国内的突出地位,成为了叙利亚北部反对法兰克势力的主要力量和领导者。第一次十字军战争中,安条克战役期间,以摩苏尔为首的突厥联军就曾与十字军正面决战。其后,摩苏尔率领联军在哈兰之战中重挫法兰克联军,成功阻遏法兰克人势力向幼发拉底河东进。同时,摩苏尔深深地陷入到塞尔柱苏丹国及北部的内部动乱之中,因苏丹权力的频繁更迭而持续内乱,并在相当长的一段时间内无法摆脱依附关系。另一方面,摩苏尔与巴格达的紧密联系,代表塞尔柱中央集权力量的政治角色,受到地方割据势力广泛抵制。因此,摩苏尔对法兰克国家的多次攻势都在法兰克联军的激烈抵抗下,同时受到大马士革、阿勒颇掣肘下无功而返。摩苏尔深受与巴格达既定依附关系的负面影响,作为有限。即便如此,它也是少数主动出击,组织力量对抗拉丁东方的主要伊斯兰势力,维持着最低限度的军事平衡。不过,这一时期,成功占领阿勒颇为未来摩苏尔的崛起奠定了基础,成为了关键一步。终于,赞吉的崛起打破了僵局,扭转了局面,改变了既往格局。赞吉是伊斯兰世界此时少见的政治强人,享有盛誉,且有建立王朝基业的强烈野心。一方面,他稳固住了对摩苏尔及贾兹拉地区的统治,在同苏丹的争斗中保持了独立地位,打破了传统的附庸关系,走上了独立发展道路。另一方面,他以阿勒颇为前哨,积极主动在叙利亚北部和中部用兵,统一了北方大部分的伊斯兰地方势力,压制住了大马士革,迫使后者不再北上军事干涉。到12世纪30年代,拉丁东方也陷入内乱,安条克和埃德萨关系紧张,耶路撒冷王国对北方的影响力减弱。遂即,赞吉抓住机遇,组织军事力量持续对安条克公国用兵,不断突进。到了1144年,赞吉趁埃德萨伯国内政不稳,成功攻占埃德萨城,灭亡了埃德萨伯国,给予拉丁东方沉重军事打击。赞吉王朝及摩苏尔在对拉丁东方战争中的成功,为未来在努阿丁及萨拉丁时期伊斯兰世界的进一步团结联合奠定了基础,开创了反十字军运动的良好局面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mosul,northwest of Baghdad,has been an important city north of the Mesopotamia since classical times.In the 11 th century,during the Uqaylid dynasty,Mosul became an important political center of the Jazira region.In the middle and late 11 th century,with the rise of the Sultanate of Seljuk and its expanding power,Mosul gradually became a vassal of the power of the Sultan of Baghdad,and a relatively stable dependency relationship was gradually formed between them.With the disputes between the Sultanate of Seljuk and the local forces in northern Syria,the role of Mosul in political and military affairs has become prominent,which is deeply linked with the political changes in the northern region.Accordingly,the Sultanate of Seljuk’s control over Mosul has also been strengthened.After the outbreak of the First Crusade War,the Franks took advantage of the internal division of the Islamic world to quickly march in the East,encroached on the land,established a number of feudal regimes,and in the early 12 th century,with the Kingdom of Jerusalem as the center,they formed the so-called Latin East,constantly expanding its sphere of influence.With the Franks in a dominant position,the divided and hostile Islamic world had little to fight back.Mosul,with its special geopolitical advantage in the northern hinterland and its prominent position in Seljuk Sudan,has become the main force and leader of the opposition to the Franks in northern Syria.In the First Crusader War,during the Battle of Antioch,the allied Turkish forces led by Mosul fought the Crusaders in a decisive battle.Later,the allied forces led by Mosul defeated the Frankish forces in the battle of Harran and successfully prevented the Frankish forces from advancing eastward toward the Euphrates River.At the same time,Mosul has been deeply entangled in the internal turmoil of the Seljuk Sultanate and the north,and Because of the frequent change of power in Sultan,Mosul continued the internal turmoil and could not get rid of the dependency relationship for a long time.On the other hand,the close ties between Mosul and Baghdad,representing the political role of Seljuk’s centralized power,were widely resisted by regional separatist forces.As a result,many offensives in Mosul against the Frankish states have been subjected to the fierce resistance of the Frankish coalition forces,while being held back by Damascus and Aleppo.Mosul is deeply affected by the established dependency with Baghdad,and can do only so much.Even so,it is one of the few Islamic forces to take the initiative,organising forces against the main Franks forces in the Latin east and maintaining a minimal military balance.And during this period,the successful capture of Aleppo became a crucial step in setting the stage for the future rise of Mosul.Finally,the rise of Zanki broke the deadlock,reversed the situation,changed the previous pattern.Zanki was a rare political strongman in the Islamic world at the time,with a reputation and a strong ambition to build a dynasty.On the one hand,he consolidated the rule of Mosul and Jazira,maintained his independent status in the struggle with Sultan,broke the traditional relationship of vassal,and embarked on the road of independent development.On the other hand,with Aleppo as an outpost,he has been active in northern and central Syria,unifying most of the local Islamist forces in the north and keeping Damascus at bay,forcing the latter not to intervene militarily in the north.By the 1230 s,the Latin East was also in civil strife,with tensions between Antioch and Edessa,and the influence of the Kingdom of Jerusalem over the North waning.Thus,Zanki seized the opportunity to organize military forces to continue to fight against the Principality of Antioch,constantly advancing.In 1144,Zanki took advantage of the instability in the internal affairs of the country of Edessa,successfully captured the city of Edessa,destroyed the country of Edessa,and gave a heavy military blow to the Latin East.The success of the Zanki Dynasty and Mosul in the war against the Latin East laid the foundation for further unity of the Islamic world during the Nur-al-Din and Saladin periods,and created a favorable situation against the Crusades.更多还原