【作者】 张丹；

【导师】 张春海；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 法律（法学）（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 清朝作为我国最后一个王朝,积淀了深厚的传统法律资源,随着多地诉讼档案的相继出土,各地学者对清代法律规则和法律制度的研究更加深入,并且给当代的制度设计提供了很多新思路,比如从“官批民调”到现代委托调解。而本文的研究对象是清代地方审判中一种特殊的取证方式,即“官批民查”,它是指清代地方州县官员在受理案件后,正式堂审之前,批令民间组织在详细了解案情、勘验调查证据后将相关情况向官府呈报,由州县官员据此来审结案件的一种司法运作方式。围绕这一主题,本文主要从以下五个部分展开叙述:第一部分“官批民查”取证的存在基础,包括社会基础和法律基础。社会基础是针对当时清代地方社会诉讼现状以及熟人社会背景而言的,而法律基础则着眼于当时中央和地方的法律规定以及当时的地方司法实践,详细阐释“官批民查”取证方式赖以存续的依托。第二部分“官批民查”取证的基本情况,包括适用的案件类型、执行主体和执行内容。其中案件类型包括婚姻家庭纠纷类案件、田宅地界纠纷类案件、钱债契据纠纷类案件和轻微刑事纠纷类案件,执行主体包括宗族亲邻、乡约保甲和会首客长等民间权威人士,执行内容包括勘丈地界、核查契据和查验伤情等。第三部分“官批民查”取证的运作程序,从官府下批令协助取证到民间接批令搜集证据,再到官府依证据堂审结案。这是“官批民查”取证制度的完整过程,当然也不是所有案件都必须完全经历全过程,可能存在相应的制度变形。第四部分“官批民查”取证的利弊分析,这种取证方式不仅减少了案件诉讼成本,提高了案件审结效率,降低了案件调查难度,也强化了对地方的控制。但同时也存在弊端,原因主要出在调查取证的主体身上,比如中立性、积极性和专业性缺失。第五部分“官批民查”取证与现行调查令制度之比较及启示,将两个制度进行比较分析,并为完善当下调查令制度构建提供建议,主要包括适当增加调查令获取方式,适当扩大调查令签发对象以及增加官民互动的解纷环节,从而发挥“官批民查”的研究意义,使调查令制度更能适应现代社会发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the last dynasty of China,the Qing Dynasty has accumulated deep traditional legal resources.With the successive excavation of litigation files in many places,scholars in various places have deepened their research on the legal rules and legal systems of the Qing Dynasty and many new ideas have been developed for contemporary institutional design,such as from “official batch of polls” system to entrusted mediation system.The object of this article is a special method of obtaining evidence from local trials in the Qing Dynasty,which is called “official grant public survey”.It refers to a mode of judicial operation that after accepting the case and before the formal court hearing,the county officials in the Qing Dynasty ordered the civil organizations to report the relevant situation to the government after understanding the case and investigating the evidence in detail,and then the county officials concluded the case accordingly.Based on this theme,this article focuses on the following five parts:The first part is the existence basis of forensics system,which is called “official grant public survey”,including social and legal basis.The social basis is mainly based on the current situation of local social litigation in the Qing Dynasty and the background of acquaintance society,while the legal basis focuses on the central and local legal regulations and local judicial practice at that time.And then explain in detail the reliance on the existence of the “official grant public survey” forensics system.The second part is the basic situation of “official grant public survey” forensics system,including the types of cases,subjects and contents of execution.The types include cases of marriage and family disputes,cases of house and land disputes,casesof money and debts disputes,and cases of minor criminal disputes.The main subjects of implementation are non-governmental authoritative persons including clan neighbors,village security,and the chief guest of the industry.The implementation content includes investigating land boundaries,checking deeds and checking injuries.The third part is the operation procedure of “official grant public survey”forensics system,from the order of the government to assist the collection of evidence,to the collection of evidence by the civil persons according to the order,and then the court settles the case according to the evidence hall.This is the complete process of the “official grant public survey” forensics system.Of course,not all cases must go through the entire process,and there may be corresponding system deformation.The fourth part analyzes advantages and disadvantages of “official grant public survey” forensics system.The forensics system reduces the cost of litigation,improves the efficiency of case trials,reduces the difficulty of case investigations and strengthens local control,but also has disadvantages,mainly due to the main body of the investigation and evidence collection,such as lack of neutrality,enthusiasm and professionalism.The fifth part is the comparison and enlightenment of “official grant public survey” forensics system and the current investigation order system.After comparing and analyzing the two systems,try to provide suggestions for improving the construction of the current investigation order system.It mainly includes appropriately increasing the methods of obtaining investigation orders,appropriately expanding the object of the investigation order insurance and increasing the government-civilian cooperation resolution of the disputes,so as to make use of the research significance of “official grant public survey” forensics system and to make the investigation order system more suitable for the development of modern society.更多还原