异化理论的批判精神

【作者】 王冬梅；

【导师】 侯一夫；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 马克思主义理论， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 马克思主义之所以能够生生不息,始终能够保持其鲜活的时代性的一个重要因素就是它的批判精神。而异化理论包含的对人的理解与人的价值追求构成了马克思主义批判精神的本质内核。异化理论的批判精神是马克思主义批判精神关于在人的存在方面的具体体现。因而,在异化理论当中,它具有批判精神的属性,内含着实践性、人文性、批判性、时代性的批判精神。异化理论有着深刻的批判维度,它内含的批判精神可以成为法兰克福学派解读资本主义社会的依据。异化理论关于人之存在的主体性批判精神,是法兰克福学派的理论核心,也是自马克思对资本主义的生产方式批判,经卢卡奇的物化理论为中介,再到法兰克福学派资本主义文化批判发展的一条核心纽带。从马克思到法兰克福学派的异化理论批判精神的现实理论反映,可以划分为三个理论逻辑阶段。第一阶段:马克思的异化劳动理论。马克思通过对资本主义社会异化劳动的剖析,揭示并批判了异化劳动掩盖下的资本主义生产方式的不合理性。第二阶段:卢卡奇的物化批判理论。卢卡奇通过物化理论与总体性辩证法,批判第二国际实证主义对马克思主义歪曲和弱化,并将批判指向资本主义的技术理性。批判主题从马克思到法兰克福学派转换的完成,是以卢卡奇为中介的。第三阶段:法兰克福学派的社会批判理论。法兰克福学派成员在马克思与卢卡奇的思想奠基下,展开了对垄断资本主义发达工业社会的总体性文化批判,并实现了批判主题的转换。虽然在法兰克福学派社会批判理论的形成与发展中,其成员没有专门去讨论过异化理论,似乎法兰克福学派的社会批判理论与马克思的异化理论之间没有直接的联系。但是,从深层次来说,他们都是以资本主义对人的异己统治为批判对象,有着相同的批判精神,即异化理论关于人之存在的批判精神。法兰克福学派正是依据异化理论的批判精神,并根据西方资本主义社会的历史变化做出价值选择,形成20世纪垄断资本主义文化批判主题。从马克思时代的资本主义生产方式批判主题到20世纪法兰克福学派的文化批判主题转换的完成,则以卢卡奇的物化理论为“介”。法兰克福学派理论家依据异化理论的批判精神确立自己理论的价值旨趣,在卢卡奇物化理论的基本批判方向上对当代资本主义进行了全方面的文化批判。这一文化批判主题的转换,体现了理论的与时俱进与发展。本文所讨论的,正是在异化理论的批判精神下,在资本主义发展的不同历史时期,马克思和法兰克福学派对资本主义批判主题确立及逻辑转变过程,分析批判主题转换的原因,以便从价值旨归上把握这一批判主题转变的内在逻辑和意义,揭示异化理论批判精神的当代效应。更多还原

【Abstract】 The critical spirit is an important factor that keeps Marxism alive and to keep its freshness of the times.The theory of alienation contains the understanding of human beings and the pursuit of human values,which constitutes the essential core of Marxist critical spirit.It can be said that the critical spirit of alienation theory is the concrete embodiment of Marxist critical spirit in human existence.Therefore,in the theory of alienation,it has the attribute of critical spirit,which contains the critical spirit of practicality,humanity,criticism and times.Alienation theory has a profound critical dimension,and its critical spirit can be the basis for Frankfurt school to interpret capitalist society.The subjective critical spirit of alienation theory on human existence is the theoretical core of Frankfurt school.It is also a core link from Marx’s critique of capitalist mode of production,through Lukacs’ s Materialization Theory as the intermediary,to the development of Frankfurt School’s critique of capitalist culture.The realistic theoretical reflection of the critical spirit of alienation theory from Marx to Frankfurt school can be divided into three theoretical logical stages.The first stage:Marx’s theory of alienated labor.Through the analysis of alienated labor in capitalist society,Marx revealed and criticized the irrationality of capitalist mode of production under the cover of alienated labor.The second stage: Lukacs’ critical theory of materialization.Lukacs criticizes the distortion and weakening of Marxism by the second international positivism through Materialization Theory and totality dialectics,and points his criticism to the technical rationality of capitalism.The transformation of critical theme from Marx to Frankfurt school is mediated by Lukacs.The third stage:the social critical theory of Frankfurt school.Based on the thoughts of Marx and Lukacs,the members of Frankfurt School launched an overall cultural criticism on the developed industrial society of monopoly capitalism,and realized the transformation of the critical theme.Although in the formation and development of Frankfurt School’s social critical theory,its members have not specifically discussed the theory of alienation,it seems that there is no direct connection between Frankfurt School’s social critical theory and Marx’s theory of alienation.However,from the deep level,they all take the alien rule of capitalism as the critical object,and have the same critical spirit,that is,the critical spirit of alienation theory on human existence.Based on the critical spirit of alienation theory and the historical changes of Western capitalist society,Frankfurt school made value choices and formed the theme of cultural criticism of monopoly capitalism in the20 th century.The transformation from the critical theme of capitalist mode of production in Marx’s time to the cultural critical theme of Frankfurt School in the 20 th century is based on Lukacs’ Materialization Theory.Based on the critical spirit of alienation theory,the theorists of Frankfurt school established the value purport of their theory and criticized contemporary capitalism in all aspects in the basic critical direction of Lukacs’ Materialization Theory.This transformation of the theme of cultural criticism reflects the development of the theory.What this paper discusses is that under the critical spirit of alienation theory,in different historical periods of capitalist development,Marx and Frankfurt School analyze the process of the establishment and logical transformation of the critical theme of capitalism,and analyze the reasons for the transformation of the critical theme,so as to grasp the internal logic and significance of the transformation of the critical theme from the perspective of value,It reveals the contemporary effect of the critical spirit of alienation theory.更多还原