【作者】 董杰；

【导师】 张莹；

【作者基本信息】 首都体育学院 ， 体育教学（专业学位）， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 研究目的:幼儿期是动作发展的关键时期,该时期与幼儿的基本动作的发展息息相关,投掷动作中的网球掷远属于基本动作技能中的操作技能,同时也被列入我国幼儿国民体质测试当中,作为一项重要的检验标准。本文将以《人类动作发展概论》书籍中的理论作为基础进行研究,结合定性定量分析手段来分析4-6岁幼儿网球掷远动作不同年龄段的不同动作阶段以及不同性别的幼儿之间的运动水平差异,对结果利用运动学特征进行分析,总结出该年龄段的变化,从客观数据的角度出发评判动作的好坏,使得幼儿体育的研究从主观判断向科学化判断迈进,为今后建立幼儿投掷动作数据模型分析提供基础数据,为大数据研究提供数据支持,为日后的体育课程的展开提供理论指导。研究方法:研究中通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、测量法、数理统计法,并结合使用CASIOFH25摄像机对北京刘诗昆音乐艺术幼儿园的219名4-6岁幼儿进行网球掷远动作拍摄,并结合慢动作解析软件Dartfish进行数据的整理、处理和分析,得到相关的运动学参数和指标并进行动作技术的特征分析。研究结果:1.通过将定性和定量相两种分析方式相结合,得分在2分的幼儿动作表现为自然站立下肢静止,投掷时手臂呈现出砍切动作,得分在4分的幼儿引臂同时会表现出同侧迈步的情况,小幅度扭转身体,得分在6分乃至8分的幼儿能够完整的将动作模式表达清楚,且动作连贯性强。2.在幼儿网球掷远动作中,各个阶段的关节角度和成绩以及动作的熟练程度存在相关关系。3.幼儿在网球掷远动作上男女之间在动作水平上存在差异,不同年龄上幼儿在动作模式上存在差别,在之后的教学上要采用适当的方法对幼儿进行教学。研究结论:1.幼儿网球掷远三个水平,幼儿动作主要差异在于腿部,手臂和躯干的等方面。随着动作熟练度的提高动作表现的成熟,幼儿会表现出侧身面对投掷方向,异侧腿迈步,腕关节的屈腕程度逐渐减小等现象。2.幼儿在旋转引臂动作阶段初级水平中得分最低,但肩关节角度呈现最大,表现出错误的动作模式;最后用力阶段肩角、肘角、膝角积极参与屈伸和蹬伸,使幼儿将球在最优位置掷出,身体重心向前上方提起,腿部会表现出明显的蹬伸;缓冲阶段在最后用力阶段结束时,膝关节角度逐渐减小幼儿出现上步的行为特点从而减缓对身体的冲击力,从而达到身体平衡。3.幼儿投掷动作在有条不紊的发展,但是各年龄段之间的发展速度存在不均衡性,4-5岁幼儿发展相对缓慢,5-6岁幼儿发展较为迅速。4.由于幼儿之间的个体差异导致了动作表现出现分层现象,部分幼儿动作发展滞后,,女幼儿的动作发展水平相对缓慢,多数居于初级和中级水平阶段,随着年龄的增长男女幼儿的动作发展水平差距正逐步缩小。总的来看,男幼儿的投掷动作发展水平优于女幼儿的动作发展水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research objectives:Preschool period is the key period of movement development,which is closely related to the development of children’s basic movements.The tennis throw in the throwing action is far from the operation skill in the basic movement skills,and it is also included in the national physical fitness test of children in China,as an important test standard.This article will be an introduction to the development of human actions in the books theory as the foundation for research,combining qualitative quantitative analysis method for the analysis of 4 to 6 years old children tennis throw far action different age paragraph the different action stages and the activity levels of differences between children of different sex,analyze the results using the kinematics characteristic,summarizes the change of the age,Judging the quality of movements from the perspective of objective data makes the research of children’s sports move forward from subjective judgment to scientific judgment,which provides basic data for the establishment of children’s throwing action data model analysis in the future,provides data support for big data research,and provides theoretical guidance for the development of future physical education courses.Research Methods:In this study,219 4-6 year old children from Beijing Liu Shikun Music and Art Kindergarten were filmed by means of literature,expert interview,measurement,mathematical statistics,and Casio-- FH25 camera,and the slow motion analysis software Dartfish was used to sort out,process and analyze the data.The kinematics parameters and indexes were obtained and the characteristics of movement techniques were analyzed.Results:1.By combining both qualitative and quantitative analysis mode,scoring in two infants characterized by lower limb still standing naturally,throwing arm it showed cut cutting action and within four points of the lead arm at the same time children are on the same side move,the condition of small amplitude torsion body,scoring six points in eight points and even infants can complete the action mode of clear,And action coherence is strong.2.In children’s tennis throwing movement,there is a correlation between the joint Angle at each stage and the performance and the proficiency of the movement.3.There are differences between male and female in the movement level of children’s tennis throwing,and there are differences in the movement mode of children of different ages.Appropriate methods should be adopted in the teaching of children in the future.Research Conclusions:1.The main difference of children’s movements lies in their legs,arms and torso.With the improvement of movement proficiency and the maturity of movement performance,children will show the phenomenon of facing the direction of throwing sideways,walking on the opposite side of the leg,and the degree of flexion of the wrist joint gradually decreases.2.Children have the lowest score in the primary level of the rotary lead arm movement stage,but the shoulder joint Angle presents the largest,showing the wrong movement mode;At the last stage of exertion,the shoulder Angle,elbow Angle and knee Angle actively participate in flexion and extension,so that children will throw the ball in the optimal position,and the center of gravity will be lifted upward and forward,and the legs will show obvious extension.In the buffering stage,at the end of the final force stage,the Angle of the knee joint gradually decreases,and the children’s behavioral characteristics of ascending step slow down the impact force on the body,so as to achieve body balance.3.Children’s throwing moves develop in an orderly manner,but the speed of development between different ages is unbalanced.Children aged 4-5 develop slowly,while children aged 5-6 develop rapidly.4.Individual differences among children lead to stratification of motor performance,and some children lag behind in motor development.Female children’s motor development level is relatively slow,and most of them are at the primary and intermediate level.In general,the development level of male children’s throwing movement is better than that of female children.更多还原