【作者】 张薇；

【导师】 刘琼豪；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 伦理学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 生态环境的破坏、生活水平的提高以及人们越来越低的幸福感使得生态幸福成为当今人类追求幸福的一种新的维度,解决影响人的幸福的生态问题越来越成为人们关注的重点,针对这一问题,我们可以从马克思的思想当中寻找解决策略。首先,介绍马克思生态幸福思想的时代背景和相关概念。马克思所生活的资本主义社会,由于对利益的追求,已经导致了自然生态的破坏,这种生态的破坏也已经给人们特别是无产阶级带来了痛苦,马克思为无产阶级发声,开始思考生态与幸福的关系,这是他的生态幸福思想的时代背景。马克思关于生态幸福思想的论述主要集中在他的幸福思想和生态思想当中,马克思幸福思想是现实的人通过实践来达到人的自由全面发展,生态思想是人与自然的和谐统一,以及由此推衍的人与人、人与社会的和谐,这就为生态幸福思想奠定了理论基础。其次,对马克思生态幸福思想的主要内容进行详细地论述。在马克思的思想当中,虽然没有明确的生态幸福思想,但可以从他的生态思想和幸福思想入手去探究生态与幸福的内在契合,从而来更好的理解生态幸福。马克思认为幸福的主体是现实的人,现实的人是实践的人,人通过自由自觉地活动从自然当中产生,作为一种“类”而存在,这个过程就是马克思生态思想当中人是自然的存在物的内容,在人产生之后,人需要不断从自然界当中获取物质来源,对自然进行改造和利用,自然界才被人称之为自然界,不存在没有人的自然界,这就是自然是人化的自然的内容,人与自然同一的思想就是马克思生态思想的基本观点。在自在自然向人化自然转变的过程中,人在实践过程中就会发生人与人的合作,进而形成各种复杂的社会关系,就产生了人类社会,所以人与自然关系的背后是人与人、人与社会的关系,这三者共同构成了马克思的生态思想,马克思就是希望通过人与人、人与社会的和谐来达到人与自然的和谐,进而实现整个生态系统的稳定与平衡。当人与人、人与社会、人与自然实现和谐之后,人就摆脱了外在的束缚,实现了人的解放和自由,就达到了马克思思想中幸福实现的最终目标,即实现人的自由全面发展。所以,马克思生态思想就包含着幸福的目标,幸福思想本来就具有生态的维度,这就是马克思生态和幸福思想的内在契合。进而在这个基础上,能够看出马克思生态幸福思想的基本结构是一种自然——人——社会整体系统的动态平衡,是包括自然、人、社会三者以及三者之间关系的整个系统的平衡,同时,由于人的实践,就决定了这种平衡是处于动态发展中的平衡。在这个过程中,能够看出来人是整个系统最核心的部分,人通过与自然,与他人,与社会的关系来不断促进自身的发展,最终实现人的自由全面发展这一最终目标。因此生态幸福指的就是现实的人通过实践形成人与自然、人与人、人与社会和谐统一的生态局面,摆脱人生存发展的一切外在束缚,从而实现人的自由全面发展,达到一种真正可持续的幸福。在此基础上,马克思立足当时资本主义国家的生态幸福困境,揭露当时人与自然、人与人、人与社会的异化,人因追求利益破坏自然,导致人对人的压迫,社会成为为一部分人服务的工具,因此导致人无法实现自由全面发展,无法实现生态幸福,进而指出资本主义制度以及有限的生产力水平和不当的消费方式是导致异化、生态幸福困境的原因,所以主张发展社会生产力,变革资本主义制度及其消费方式,实现共产主义社会,才能实现人的自由全面发展,才能实现真正的生态幸福。最后,分析马克思生态幸福思想对我国的价值,无论是从理论研究意义上还是实践指导意义上来说,马克思的生态幸福思想都有着重要的价值。从理论上来看,习近平总书记的生态文明和人类命运共同体就是马克思的生态幸福思想的当代确证,马克思生态幸福思想为中国特色社会主义理论体系提供了学理支持。同时,由于我国对于生态幸福思想的研究还不够深入,马克思的生态幸福思想为我国生态伦理的发展提供了一个新的视角,有助于我国生态伦理的发展。从实践上来看主要包括三个方面。第一,马克思生态幸福思想中对主体的“类”的强调对实现人类整体生态幸福的启示,人作为一种社会存在物,马克思的生态幸福思想不是要实现某一个人的生态幸福,而是追求每一个人、整个人类的生态幸福,在人与人之间,享受生态权利和承担生态义务应该是均衡的。第二,马克思生态幸福思想追求整体平衡的特点对经济和生态协调发展的启示,人与自然、人与人、人与社会的关系是紧密联系在一起的,经济与生态发展要协调,才能实现整个系统的绿色协调发展。第三,马克思生态幸福思想以人的自由全面发展为目标对实现人的生态化生存发展的启示,因为人的自由全面发展要求人能够自由自觉地劳动,自觉认识到人与自然、他人、社会的发展是一体的,并能够合理调整自己的生存发展方式,这样实现了自身的和谐的人是真正能够感受到生态幸福的人,就是实现了生态化生存发展的人。更多还原

【Abstract】 The destruction of the ecological environment,the improvement of living standards and the happiness of people more and more low makes ecological happiness today a new dimension of human pursuit of happiness,to solve the ecological problems affecting people’s happiness is more and more become the focus of attention,in order to solve this problem,we can find a solution strategy from Marx’s thought.Firstly,the historical background,theoretical source and related concepts of Marx’s ecological happiness thought are introduced.The capitalist society,Marx live in due to the pursuit of interests,have led to the destruction of the natural ecology,the ecological destruction has brought pain to people,especially the proletariat,as the voice of the proletariat,Marx began to think about the ecological relationship with happiness,this is his ecological thought the historical background of happiness.Marx’s thoughts on ecological happiness are mainly focused on his thoughts on happiness and ecology.Marx’s thoughts on happiness are the free and comprehensive development of human beings through practice,and ecological thoughts are the harmony between human beings and nature,as well as the harmony between human beings and society.Secondly,the main contents of Marx’s ecological happiness thought are discussed in detail.In Marx’s thought,although there is no clear idea of ecological happiness,we can start from his ecological view and happiness view to explore the inner connection between ecology and happiness,so as to better understand ecological happiness.Marx’s body is the reality person happiness,the reality person is the person who practice,through freedom of conscious activity from natural,as a kind of ‘class’,this process is the people of Marx’s ecological thought is the content that man is a natural being,people need to constantly from the nature of the source material,in the process,is called the nature,nature does not exist without human nature,which is natural is the content of the humanization of nature,human and the nature of the same thought is the basic point of Marx’s ecological thought.In comfortable to humanized nature in the process of nature,all people will occur in the practice process of cooperation,to form a variety ofcomplex social relations,creates the human society,so the relation between man and nature is,the relationship between man and society,between people behind these three together form the Marx’s ecological thought,Marx is hope through the human,the harmony of man and society to achieve the harmony of man and nature,thus realize the whole ecosystem stability and harmony.After the realization of harmony between man and man,between man and society and between man and nature,man will get rid of the external bondage,realize the liberation and freedom of man,and achieve the ultimate goal of Marx’s happiness realization,namely the realization of man’s free and all-round development.Therefore,Marx’s ecological realization contains the goal of happiness,and the thought of happiness has ecological dimension,which is Marx’s ecological happiness thought.In turn,on this basis,can see the basic structure of Marx’s ecological thought happiness is a kind of natural,people,society as a whole system of dynamic balance,including the relationship among nature,man and society and the balance of the whole system,at the same time,because of people’s practice,it determines that balance is in in the development of dynamic balance.In this process,it can be seen that the person is the most core part of the whole system.Through the relationship with nature,with others and with the society,the person continuously promotes his own development and finally realizes the ultimate goal of free and comprehensive development of the person.Ecological happiness refers to the reality of people through practice to form a harmonious and unified ecological situation between man and nature,man and man,man and society,get rid of all the external constraints of human survival and development,so as to realize the free and all-round development of people,to achieve a truly sustainable happiness.Based on this,Marx based on capitalist countries at the time of ecological happiness,exposing restore alienation of human beings,and nature,man and society,people destroy the natural for the pursuit of interests,lead to the oppression of man by man,society become as part of the service tools,therefore cause people cannot achieve free all-round development,unable to realize ecological happiness,and then points out the system of capitalism and limited productivity level and improper way of consumption is the cause of alienation,ecological happiness dilemma,so the development of social productivity,change the system of capitalism and its consumption patterns,the realization of communism society,to realize free and comprehensive development of people,to realize the real ecological happiness.Finally,to analyze the value of Marx’s ecological happiness thought to our country,Marx’s ecological happiness thought has important value both in the sense of theoretical research and in the sense of practical guidance.In theory,General Secretary Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization and community with a Shared future for mankind are the contemporary confirmation of Marx’s thought on ecological happiness,which provides theoretical support for the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.At the same time,due to the lack of in-depth research onecological happiness thought in China,Marx’s ecological happiness thought provides a new perspective for the development of ecological ethics in China,which is conducive to the development of ecological ethics in China.In practice,it mainly includes three aspects.Happiness first,Marx’s ecological thought in the emphasis on the subject of "class" for humanity as a whole ecological enlightenment of happiness,people as a social existence,Marx’s ecological thought happiness is not to achieve ecological happiness of one person,but to the pursuit of each person,the human ecological well-being,from person to person,enjoy the rights and obligation of ecological should be balanced.Second,Marx’s ecological happiness thought pursues the characteristics of overall balance,which enlighten the coordinated development of economy and ecology.The relationship between man and nature,man and man,and man and society is closely linked.Only by coordinating economic and ecological development can the green coordinated development of the whole system be realized.Third,ecological happiness thought of Marx to people’s free all-round development as the goal to achieve ecological survival and development of the people,because people’s free all-round development requires people to consciously work freely and consciously recognize the person and nature,and social development is one of the others,a fit and be able to adjust their way of survival and development,so realizes own happy is the man who is able to really feel the ecological harmony,is to realize the ecological survival and development.更多还原