【作者】 张艳；

【导师】 敏敬；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 历史学·中国史， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 土库曼人是伊拉克的少数民族之一。伊拉克建国以后,历届中央政府对土库曼人的政策经历了多次变化,对土库曼人的生活及其思想产生了重要影响。第一次世界大战结束、奥斯曼帝国解体后,英国扶持建立了伊拉克君主制王国。由于伊拉克在摩苏尔归属问题上与土耳其产生分歧,而摩苏尔的土库曼人又希望与土耳其合并,导致伊拉克君主制政权不信任土库曼人,表现为不承认其政治身份和地位,在族裔身份、官员任命、文化教育等方面压制和同化土库曼人。政治地位的边缘化严重影响了土库曼人的生存和发展,激发了土库曼民族主义的萌芽。君主制结束以后,伊拉克在卡塞姆和阿里夫兄弟统治时期为维护政权稳定,对土库曼人采取拉拢的政策,但未给予实质权力。萨达姆·侯赛因上台后采取了更加严厉的同化政策,土库曼人的生存处境急剧恶化。海湾战争后,伊拉克库尔德人在美国支持下力量壮大,土库曼人与库尔德人矛盾冲突不断。土库曼人寻求土耳其帮助,加剧了伊拉克政局的不稳定。此间土库曼民族主义快速发展,形成了各党派联盟——伊拉克土库曼阵线,增强了土库曼人的政治地位和实力。2003年复兴党政权倒台后,伊拉克政府谋求民族政策的“正常化”,承认了土库曼人的民族身份,规定土库曼人与阿拉伯人和库尔德人一样,是伊拉克民族的主要组成部分,土库曼人的政治地位有了极大提高。历届伊拉克政府的土库曼人政策深刻影响了土库曼人政治地位的变化。土库曼民族主义和伊拉克民族政策的关系充分说明制定合理有效的民族政策对多民族国家政治稳定、经济发展有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Turkmen are one of Iraq’s minorities.After the founding of Iraq,successive central governments have undergone many changes in their policies towards the Turkmens,which have had an important impact on the life of the Turkmen people and their ideas.After the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire,Britain supported the establishment of the Iraqi monarchy.It manifests itself as a nonrecognition of their political identity and status,the suppression and assimilation of the Turkmen in the areas of ethnic identity,appointment of officials,cultural education,etc.The marginalization of political status has seriously affected the survival and development of the Turkmen people and stimulated the germination of Turkmen nationalism.After the end of the monarchy,Iraq,during the rule of Qassim and the Arif,adopted a policy of wooing the Turkmens,but did not give substantial power.Saddam Hussein’s life-changing situation deteriorated sharply as he adopted a tougher policy of assimilation.After the Gulf War,Iraqi Kurds grew with U.S.support,and Turkmens clashed with the Kurds.The Turkmens sought Turkish help,exacerbating political instability in Iraq.The rapid development of Turkmen nationalism has led to the formation of a coalition of parties,the Iraqi Turkmen Front,which has strengthened the political status and strength of the Turkmen people.Following the fall of the Baathist regime in 2003,the Government of Iraq sought the "normalization" of its national policy,recognizing the national identity of the Turkmens,and providing that the Turkmen,like Arabs and Kurds,were the main component of the Iraqi nation,and that the political status of the Turkmens had been greatly enhanced.The Turkmen policies of successive Iraqi governments have profoundly influenced the change of the political status of the Turkmens.The relationship between Turkmen nationalism and Iraqi national policy fully demonstrates the importance of formulating a reasonable and effective national policy for the political stability and economic development of multi-ethnic countries.更多还原