【作者】 杨君；

【导师】 王美仙；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 风景园林（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 土壤盐碱化是影响我国农业生产和生态环境的严重问题,盐碱地不利于农作物和园林植物生长,造成我国大量可用于耕地和园林绿化的土地资源浪费,对其进行改良利用具有极为重要的战略意义。脱硫石膏是火力发电厂进行石膏烟气脱硫时产生的废弃物,作为一种化学措施应用于盐碱地改良具有成本低、操作简便、成效快等优点。国内外学者利用脱硫石膏改良盐碱地开展了大量理论和实践研究,已在我国北方盐碱地区成功改良了大面积的盐碱地,应用前景广阔。目前,盐碱地利用脱硫石膏改良主要用作农业耕地,集中于对土壤改良效果及对植物生长发育影响的研究,多以农作物为供试植物。但是除了种植农作物外,盐碱地区还有大量园林绿化需求,将脱硫石膏应用于盐碱地园林绿化建设,以园林植物为试验材料的研究还较少涉及。此外,土壤的盐碱程度也存在较大差异,在实地改良中需要根据不同盐碱程度土壤施用适量的脱硫石膏。因此,以河北省张北县盐碱地不同程度盐碱土壤为研究对象,利用脱硫石膏改良土壤后种植园林宿根花卉,重点研究植物的生长生理特性,以探究脱硫石膏改良盐碱地种植宿根花卉的可行性。研究采集3种不同盐碱程度土壤,并根据土壤测定结果划分为中度盐化土、重度盐化土及盐土;选用观赏价值高、植物抗逆性较强、在北京城市可广泛应用的3种园林宿根花卉大花萱草（Hemerocallis hybridus）、紫菀（Aster dumosus）和八宝景天（Sedum spectabile）作为供试植物,根据脱硫石膏施用量理论计算公式分别针对中度盐化土、重度盐化土及盐土设计不同的施用水平进行盆栽试验。通过分析土壤指标及植物生长生理指标,探究了脱硫石膏对不同盐碱程度土壤的改良效果及3种宿根花卉在改良后不同盐碱程度土壤上的生长生理特性。研究结果如下:（1）施用脱硫石膏有效改善了土壤盐碱环境。3种不同盐碱程度土壤的化学性质均得到显著改善,有效降低了土壤p H,改善了土壤水溶性盐组分,显著降低了土壤中可对植物产生毒害作用的水溶性钠离子含量,显著增加了对植物生长有益的水溶性钙离子含量。通过多元统计方法综合分析土壤指标,相关性分析表明脱硫石膏的施入显著影响了土壤中水溶性离子（钾、钙、镁）含量的变化;主成分分析表明土壤p H、土壤电导率、水溶性钙指标是影响脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤改良效果综合评价的主要作用因子;隶属函数综合评价表明脱硫石膏施入对3种不同程度盐碱土的改良效果:盐土>重度盐化土>中度盐化土。（2）脱硫石膏改良后种植园林宿根花卉,植物生长生理响应证明了脱硫石膏改良盐碱地种植宿根花卉的可行性。3种宿根花卉在中度盐化土、重度盐化土及盐土上均可存活,施用脱硫石膏有效促进了3种宿根花卉株高生长,提高了植物光合作用和细胞渗透调节能力,降低了质膜过氧化程度,提高了活性氧清除酶活性,增加了植物对钾、钙、镁的吸收,减少了对钠的吸收,提高了3种宿根花卉的耐盐能力。通过多元统计方法综合分析土壤和植物指标,相关性分析及主成分分析表明脱硫石膏通过对盐碱土壤的改良作用提高了植物的耐盐性,土壤水溶性钙、抗氧化酶系统（SOD、POD、CAT活性）、植物根系和叶片中的矿质元素（钾、钙、镁）是脱硫石膏改良盐碱土对种植3种宿根花卉生长生理特性影响的主要作用因子;隶属函数综合评价表明3种宿根花卉在脱硫石膏改良后不同程度盐碱土壤上的种植效果:大花萱草>八宝景天>紫菀。（3）适宜的施用量是脱硫石膏有效改良盐碱土的关键,应针对土壤盐碱程度根据种植植物设置不同的脱硫石膏施用量。施入脱硫石膏使3种盐碱土壤状况改善的同时也增加了土壤水溶性盐含量,而3种宿根花卉在不同盐碱土壤上只有在一定浓度范围内施入脱硫石膏才能对植物生长生理指标产生有效改善,过多或过少的脱硫石膏反而会产生抑制作用。本试验条件下,在中度盐化土、重度盐化土、盐土上种植宿根花卉分别推荐7.5t·hm^-2、9t·hm^-2、15t·hm^-2为脱硫石膏最佳施用量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Soil salinization is a serious problem affecting China’s agricultural production and ecological environment.Saline-alkali land,which of great strategic significance for amelioration and utilization,is not conducive to the growth of crops and garden plants,resulting in a considerable waste of land resources that can be used for arable land and landscaping in our country.Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum（simplified as FGDG）is a by-product of scrubbing sulfur from combustion gases in coal-fired power generation plant.As a chemical soil amendment,it has the advantages of low cost,simple operation,and quick effect in improving saline-alkali soil.Scholars at home and abroad have carried out a large number of theoretical and practical researches on the saline-alkali soil amelioration with FGDG,showing broad application prospects.At present,the saline-alkali soil amelioration with FGDG is mainly used in agricultural arable land,focusing on the soil remediation effects and plant growth,and the test plants are mainly crops.However,in addition to planting crops,there is still a large demand for landscaping in saline-alkali areas.The application of FGDG in saline-alkali landscape construction,and the research on garden plants as experimental materials,is still less involved.Besides,the degree of saline-alkali is also quite different,it is necessary to apply an appropriate amount of FGDG in the practical remediation of saline-alkali areas.Therefore,the research takes the different levels of saline-alkali soil in Zhangbei County of Heibei as the research object,plants perennial flowers on the ameliorated soils with FGDG,and focuses on the plant growth and physiology characteristics,to explore the feasibility of planting perennial flowers on the ameliorated soils with FGDG.According to the results of soil indexes in the research,soil with different saline-alkali degrees was collected and divided into three types of soil（moderately salinity soil,heavily salinity soil,and saline soil）.At the same time,three perennial flowers,Hemerocallis hybridus,Aster dumosus and Sedum spectabile,which widely used in Beijing with high ornamental value and plant stress resistance,are selected as test plant materials.Pot experiments were carried out at different application levels according to the theoretical calculation formula of FGDG application amount for saline-alkali soil amelioration.Through analyzing soil indexes,plant growth and physiological indexes,the improvement effect of FGDG on soil with different saline-alkali levels and its influence on the growth and physiological characteristics of the test plants were comprehensively evaluated.The main conclusions are summarized as follows:（1）After applying FGDG,the soil conditions of three different saline-alkali levels have been significantly improved,reducing the soil p H and improving the soil water-soluble components effectively.The content of water-soluble Na⁺harmful to plant growth is significantly reduced,thus reducing or eliminating ion toxicity to plants.Meanwhile,the content of Ca²⁺beneficial to plant growth is increased significantly,which improves the soil nutrient.Through multivariate statistical analysis of soil indexes,correlation analysis shows that the application of FGDG significantly affects the changes in the content of water-soluble ions(K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺),which beneficial to plant growth.Principal component analysis（PCA）shows soil p H,EC and water-soluble Ca²⁺indexes are the main factors that affect the comprehensive evaluation.Comprehensive evaluation of the improvement effect of FGDG on three different saline-alkali soils by subordinate function values analysis:saline soil>heavily salinity soil>moderately salinity soil.（2）After planting perennial flowers on the ameliorated soils with FGDG,the plant growth and physiological index data directly proves the feasibility.The three perennial flowers can all survive on the three types of soil.FGDG effectively promotes the plant height growth,improves the photosynthesis and osmotic regulation in cells,reduces the degree of plasma membrane peroxidation,improves the activity of active oxygen scavenging enzyme,increases the absorption of beneficial mineral elements(K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺)by plants,and reduces the absorption of Na⁺,and improves the salt tolerance of the three perennial flowers.Through multivariate statistical analysis of plant and soil indexes,correlation analysis and PCA shows that FGDG significantly improves the salt tolerance of plants through the improvement of saline-alkali soil.Soil water-soluble calcium,antioxidant enzyme systems（SOD,POD,CAT activity）,mineral elements(K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺)in plant roots and leaves are the main factors that affect the comprehensive evaluation.Comprehensive evaluation of the planting effects of three perennial flowers on the ameliorated soils with FGDG by subordinate function values analysis:Hemerocallis hybridus>Sedum spectabile>Aster dumosus.（3）The appropriate application amount is the key to give full play to the role of FGDG in improving saline-alkali soil,and different application amount should be set according to plants and soil conditions.The application of FGDG improves the conditions of the three saline-alkali soils while increasing the content of soil water-soluble ions.In addition,only the application of FGDG within a certain concentration range can effectively improve the plant growth and physiological index,and too much or little FGDG will produce inhibition effect instead.The optimum application amount of FGDG for planting three kinds of perennial flowers on moderately salinity,heavily salinized soil and saline soil is 7.5t·hm^-2,9t·hm^-2 and 15 t·hm^-2 respectively.更多还原