中国大学生田径运动项目的区域性特征研究

【作者】 李俊；

【导师】 郭立亚；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 体育硕士（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 田径运动不仅被公认为其他竞技运动基础,也是奥运会重要夺金点,还是增进人们健康、提高体质的绝佳项目之一。在国家“119工程”计划中,田径运动项目被列为我国重点发展的项目之一。大学生田径运动队是高校承办诸多高水平运动队中的一支,是我国培养优秀田径运动员的重要渠道。大学生田径运动项目的发展不仅能为国家培养优秀的田径后备人才,极大的推动了竞技体育的发展,同时在群众体育方面,也极大的提高了青年人的身体素质,加快了我国体育强国梦的实现。无论是竞技体育的发展,还是群众体育的发展都离不开一定的区域,区域中自然环境、经济发展水平、历史、文化等因素的不同将塑造层次各异、各具特性的竞技体育和群众体育,在我国体育资源的配置、竞技人才流动、竞技项目分布等方面同样渗透着区域的思想。因此在中国体育发展的新历史时期,田径项目分布如何组织和优化是研究的重点。大学生田径锦标赛一年一次,是大学生田径运动中具有代表性的综合赛事,能够较为直观反应出各省市和自治区高校的训练情况以及竞技水平。本研究以近五年大学生田径锦标赛的成绩为例,根据训练学中项群理论以及结合众多学者的划分方式,将大学生田径锦标赛中的运动项目划分为短跑、跨栏、中长跑、投掷、跳跃、竞走和全能七个项群。利用Excel对参加近五年锦标赛的22个省、4个直辖市以及3个自治区的各个项目中前8名进行信息整理,并按照比赛名次对其赋值,1-8名分别赋值为9、7、6、5......1,其中接力和全能项目双倍赋值。利用SPSS 19.0对短跑、跨栏、中长跑、投掷、跳跃、竞走和全能七个项群所得积分进行K值的快速聚类分析,进过多次测试并结合专业知识,最终将分类数K定义为4,迭代数定义为5,其区域聚类效果合理,按聚类分析结果中积分的高低,将大学生田径运动区域划分为四类,依次为优势区域、次优势区域、潜优势区域和落后区域。结果发现,短跑项群优势区域为湘、浙、粤三个地区,苏为次优势地区;跨栏类项群和跳跃项群均以湖南为优势地区;中长跑项群、竞走项群、投掷项群和全能项群均以北京为优势地区。整体分析发现,大学生田径运动项目呈现南巧北悍区域分布,南方以速度、技巧类项群占优,而北方以力量、耐力项群占优;另外,大学生田径运动项目也呈现出以及自东向西竞技实力逐渐减弱的特征。通过对不同性别优势项群的分析发现,短跑项群和跨栏项群优势区域存在较大差异,其他项群优势区域差异不大。根据本研究结果以及结合专家访问,本研究给出大学生田径运动项目区域发展建议:(1)因地制宜,结合区域优势资源发展田径优势项目。(2)加强本区域内田径项目后备人才培养,在留住本区域优秀人才的同时,吸引其他其余优秀人才。(3)加大经费投入,完善训练所需的基础设施。(4)不断提高教练员的训练水平,促进训练向科学化的方向发展更多还原

【Abstract】 Athletics is not only recognized as the basis of other competitive sports,but also an important gold medal for the Olympic Games.It is also one of the best projects to improve people’s health and physical fitness.And according to the national "119 Project" plan,track and field sports are listed as one of the key development projects in China.However,the study of the Rio Olympic Games found that China’s track and field superior events have been followed by no one.The college track and field team is one of the many high-level sports teams undertaken by colleges and universities,and it is an important channel for China to train excellent track and field athletes.Therefore,the development of track and field events for college students can not only cultivate excellent track and field reserve talents for the country,but also contribute to the development of competitive sports.At the same time,they have greatly improved the physical fitness of young people in mass sports and accelerated the dream of a strong sports country in China.Implementation.However,the development of competitive sports and mass sports is inseparable from a certain region.The differences in the natural environment,economic development level,history,culture and other factors in the region will shape competitive sports and mass sports with different levels and characteristics.The allocation of resources,the flow of competitive talents,and the distribution of competitive events also permeate regional thinking.Therefore,in the new historical period of Chinese sports development,how to organize and optimize the distribution of track and field events is the focus of research.The University Track and Field Championships are held once a year and are representative of the comprehensive track and field events for college students.They can intuitively reflect the training situation and competitive level of universities in provinces,cities and autonomous regions.In this study,taking the results of the college track and field championships in the past five years as an example,the sports in the college track and field championships are divided into sprints,hurdles,middle and long distances,throwing,jumping,and walking based on the training group theory and the combination of many scholars And the all-round seven-item group.Use Excel to organize the information of the top 8 of the 22 provinces,4 municipalities and 3 autonomous regions participating in the championship in the past five years,and assign values to them according to the ranking of the competition.1-8 are assigned 9,7,respectively.6,5...1,in which the relay and all-around items are assigned twice.Using spss to perform quick cluster analysis of K value on the sorted data,after multiple tests and combined with professional knowledge,the classification number K is finally defined as 4 and the number of iterations is defined as 5,its regional clustering effect is reasonable,according to cluster analysis The scores in the results divide the college students’ track and field sports area into four categories,followed by dominant area,sub-dominant area,potential advantage area and backward area.It was found that the predominant regions of the sprint event group were Hunan,Zhejiang and Guangdong,and Su was the sub-dominant region;the hurdle event group and the jump event group all took Hunan as the dominant region;the middle and long distance running event group,race walking event group,throwing Both the event group and the all-around event group take Beijing as the dominant region.The overall analysis found that university students ’track and field events showed a regional distribution of south and north,the south was dominated by speed and skill,and the north was dominated by strength and endurance.In addition,university students’ track and field events also appeared as well as from the east.The characteristic of the weakening of the westward competitive strength.Through the analysis of the dominant groups of different genders,it is found that there are large differences in the dominant areas of the sprint event group and the hurdle event group,and the differences of the other event group advantage regions are not significant.According to the results of this study and the interviews with experts,this study gives recommendations for the development of college students’ track and field sports projects:(1)According to local conditions,combined with regional advantageous resources to develop track and field advantageous projects.(2)Strengthen the cultivation of reserve talents for track and field projects in the region,while retaining outstanding talents in the region and attracting other outstanding talents.(3)Increase funding input and improve the infrastructure required for training.(4)Continuously improve the training level of coaches and promote the development of training in a scientific direction更多还原