【作者】 李倩；

【导师】 黄士元；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律（非法学）（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 刑事错案的发生不仅无法洗刷被害人的冤屈而让真凶逍遥法外,更让无辜者蒙受不白之冤而锒铛入狱,给被告人及其家属带来不可磨灭的伤痛。为此,国内司法界及党政机关越来越重视这一问题的解决,并为此付出了诸多努力。但是就目前来看,虽然经过了一系列的司法改革,刑事错案问题并没有得到很好地解决,容易引发错案的因素依然活跃在法庭之上。审判作为刑事诉讼活动的核心板块,不仅能够充分审查一切有助于查明案件事实的材料,探索案件真相;更有纠正错案的功能,能够将之前阶段产生的错案因素湮灭于法庭之上,实现权利的救济。如果审判机制本身存在问题,不利于法官实现公正判决,那么公平正义的最后一道防线势必会被摧毁,错案必然会发生。因此,错案预防必然要从审判阶段出发,通过完善不合理的审判机制,来维护社会的公平正义。近年来,我国相关部门在刑事错案预防方面投入了前所未有的关注与努力。针对刑事错案,我国在《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中要求各级法院必须严守法律底线,并不断提高预防刑事错案的能力;中央政法委下达的《关于切实防止冤假错案的规定》也对刑事错案的防范提出了诸多建设性的建议。反映到刑事审判实务中,我们看到的是审判机关在防范和纠正冤错案件上取得的重大成果。但是,当前仍然问题甚多。因此,为实现司法公正,继续推进审判阶段的刑事错案预防研究仍有必要。本文利用文献分析法、案例分析法、实证分析法、比较分析法等,根据被纠正的多起错案,来分析当下刑事审判中容易引发错案的不良因素,并结合国外制度的有益研究,来完善我国审判阶段的相关机制,以求实现审判阶段错案预防的目标。除结语外,正文主要由四部分组成。第一部分主要是明确审判阶段错案预防的必要性以及阐述刑事错案的研究现状。第二部分是阐述刑事错案的界定。第三部分是对与审判相关的刑事错案成因的分析。审判阶段容易引发错案的因素主要有:辩护意见不被重视、非法证据难以得到排除、证人出庭率低、公检法三机关之间过度强调相互配合、法院内部考核机制存在问题以及证实偏差对法官裁判的不利影响等。第四部分是对我国审判阶段相关体制的完善。笔者在我国司法现状及国外有益经验的基础上,针对审判阶段存在的诸多问题,提出了如下建议。第一、充分保障辩护律师的权利,主要包括强化法官裁判说理制度、在观念上正确认识辩护律师的地位和作用、采取措施促进控辩双方平等对抗等。第二、完善非法证据排除规则,主要包括排除非法供述的衍生性证据、破除封闭的侦查取证构造等。第三、完善证人出庭作证机制。第四、加强公检法间的监督和制约,主要包括加强法院对侦检机关的制约、优化公检机关间关联性指标设计、转变政法委职能等。第五、完善法官内部考核机制,主要包括合理设立案件质量指标及其权重、加强法官是否严格遵守程序的考核、不得将判决结果作为考核项等。第六、减少证实偏差的影响,主要包括建立更加透明的审判程序、构建预审法官制度以及培养法官构建理性思维等。更多还原

【Abstract】 The occurrence of criminal misjudged cases not only cannot wash away the victim’s grievances and let the real murderer go unpunished,but also can let the innocent defendants suffer injustice and put them into prison,and then bringing indelible pain to them and his family.Therefore,the domestic judiciary and Party and government organs pay more and more attention to the solution of this problem,and also have made a lot of efforts in this respect.But at present,although a series of judicial reforms have been carried out,the problem of criminal misjudged cases has not been well solved,and the factors that can easily lead to misjudged case are still active in the court.Trials,as a central element in criminal proceedings,not only can adequately review all materials that helps to find out the facts of the case,to explore the truth of the case;but also have the function of correcting the wrong case,so that can annihilate the factors of the wrong case produced in the previous stage on the court,and then to realize the relief of the right.If there is a problem in the trial system itself,which is not conducive to the realization of a fair judgment for judge,then the last line of defense of fairness and justice is bound to be destroyed,and the misjudged case will inevitably occur.Therefore,the prevention of misjudged cases must proceed from the trial stage,and then by perfecting the unreasonable trial system to safeguard the fairness and justice of the society.In recent years,the relevant departments of our country have invested unprecedented attention and efforts in the prevention of criminal misjudged cases.For criminal misjudged case,our country,in its "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform",called on courts at all levels to strictly observe the bottom line of the law and continuously improve their ability to prevent the criminal misjudged case;"The Provisions on the Practical Prevention for Criminal Misjudged Cases"issued by the Political and Judiciary Commission under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also put forward many constructive suggestions on the prevention of criminal misjudged cases.Reflected to the criminal trial practice,what we have seen is the major achievements made by the judicial organs in preventing and correcting criminal misjudged case.However,there are still many problems.Therefore,in order to achieve justice,it is still necessary to continue to promote the research on the prevention of criminal misjudged cases at the trial stage.This paper mainly by literature analysis method,case analysis method,demonstration analysis method,comparative analysis method and so on,according to the multiple corrected misjudged cases,analyze those adverse factors which can easily lead to misjudged cases in the current criminal trial;and combined with the beneficial research of foreign systems,improve our own relevant system at the trial stage,in order to achieve the aim,to prevent the misjudged cases at the trial stage.In addition to the conclusion,the article is mainly composed of four parts.The first part is mainly to clarify the necessity of the prevention of misjudged cases at the trial stage and to elaborate the research status of misjudged criminal cases.The second part mainly elaborate the definition of misjudged criminal cases.The third part mainly analysis the causes of the criminal misjudged cases related to the trial.The main factors that easily lead to misjudged cases at the trial stage are as follows:defense opinions cannot be valued;illegal evidence cannot be easily excluded;the attendance rate of witnesses is very low;the three organs of Public Security Organs,Procuratorial Organs and People’s Courts paid excessive attention on the mutual coordination;the internal assessment system of court is unreasonable;the adverse effect of confirmation bias on judge’s judgment.The fourth part is mainly to improve the prevention system of criminal misjudged cases at the trial stage in china.On the basis of the present judicial situation in china and the beneficial experience of foreign countries,the author puts forward the following suggestions for the problems existing in the trial stage.First,fully protect the defense right of lawyer,mainly including:strengthen the judge’s judgment reasoning system;the position and function of defense lawyer should be understood correctly in concept;take measures to promote the equal confrontation between the prosecution and defense.Second,improve the exclusionary rules of illegal evidence,mainly including:exclude the derivative evidence of illegal confession;break the closed structure of investigation and evidence obtaining at the reconnaissance phase.Third,we should improve the system of in-court witness testification.Fourth,strengthen the supervision and restriction among Public Security Organs,Procuratorial Organs and People’s Courts,mainly including:strengthen the restraint of the courts over the Public Security Organs and Procuratorial Organs;optimize the design of correlation index between Public Security Organs and Procuratorial Organs;transform the functions of the Politics and Law Committee.Fifth,improve the internal assessment system of court,mainly including:reasonably set up case quality index and its weight;strengthen the assessment of judges in whether strictly followed procedures;the judgment result shall not be used as an assessment item.Sixthly,reduce the impact of confirmation bias,mainly including:establish a more transparent trial procedure;establish the system of examining judge;train judges to construct rational thinking.更多还原