【作者】 王亚楠；

【导师】 马翠军；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 公共管理硕士（MPA）（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 政策执行作为将政策内容转化为现实的过程,在政策活动及其生命周期中起着至关重要的作用。目前,国家制定的农村户改厕政策日趋完善,各地结合实际将户改厕政策具体化。尽管一系列政策相继出台,执行的实施方案也有,但这些仍然属于观念形态的政策,执行过程是怎样的?执行过程中各要素是如何与政策产生关联并对结果产生影响的?这就需要对实践中的政策执行过程予以详细分析,以总结成功的执行经验,完善待改进的政策执行影响因素,这对于提高政策执行力,提升政策目标效能具有重要意义。20世纪70年代,史密斯从政策执行过程和影响政策执行因素角度建构了其政策执行模型,将影响政策执行因素演化为理想化政策、执行机构、目标群体和政策环境,为探究户改厕政策执行过程提供了思路。本文以史密斯政策执行过程模型为框架,对L乡户改厕政策执行过程的影响因素政策规范、执行机构、目标群体、政策资源展开分析,可以发现它们是如何通过影响政策执行过程从而作用于户改厕政策执行效果,从中也为我国户改厕政策执行提供对策建议。中央政策文本构成L乡户改厕政策的规范性基础,对户改厕政策执行起着指导作用,但在实践中存在缺乏一定明确性、真实性及稳定性现象,影响户改厕政策的规范性。在户改厕政策执行过程中,国家应高位推动保证政策真实性、搭建上下沟通交流机制保证政策认同上下一致,地方应根据实际合理制定实施方案,确保地方政策的科学性、合理性。乡镇政府与村委作为L乡户改厕政策的主导执行者,其执行力的高低决定了政策执行的效果。但实施过程中存在执行机构设置缺乏合理性、执行主体专业能力欠缺、执行主体的策略性及权益性影响了户改厕政策执行的进程。而优化执行机构设置、提升执行主体专业能力及培养执行主体主动作为意识可以有效提升执行机构执行力,进而促进户改厕政策的顺利执行。村民作为L乡户改厕政策的目标群体,其对政策的认同度与政策执行效果有较大关联,政策能否满足其利益诉求是政策能否成功执行的条件。但在政策执行过程中存在目标群体对政策认同度较低、参与不畅等现象。因而采取传统宣传与新媒体宣传相结合的方式增强农户的认同度,搭建互动平台加强与目标群体的互动沟通,使农户可以运用合理的方式表达自己的诉求,进而促进户改厕政策执行的顺利进行。政策环境中的支持性因素会成为政策执行的支持性条件,因顺畅执行取得的动态效果对环境也有一定的改善和重塑,从而使环境转变为政策执行的有利条件。而史密斯政策执行中的主要支持性维度是政策执行的资源,资源中的操作性常用工具又是资金拨付,因而资金保障在政策环境中至关重要。L乡却由于资金筹措方式单一导致农户负担较重、村庄集体经济薄弱导致村干部话语权缺失,制约了户改厕政策的有效执行。因而,通过拓宽社会资本投入、大力发展村级集体经济,为L乡提供充足资金保障,进而为户改厕政策执行提供良好的外部支持性环境。综上,要想提高户改厕政策效果,需要纵向高位推动与上下沟通相结合,保证各层级政策规范性;优化组织结构资源,提升政策执行效果;优化目标群体利益,提升政策认同度;保证资金支持,助推政策执行。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a process of transforming policy content into reality,policy implementation plays a vital role in policy activities and their life cycle.At present,the rural household toilet reform policy formulated by the state is becoming more and more perfect,and localities have made concrete the household toilet reform policy in light of the actual situation.Although a series of policies have been issued successively and there are also implementation plans,these are still ideological policies.What is the implementation process? How do the various elements of the implementation process relate to the policy and affect the results? This requires a detailed analysis of the policy implementation process in practice to summarize successful implementation experience and improve the influencing factors of policy implementation to be improved,which is of great significance for improving policy execution and enhancing the effectiveness of policy objectives.In the 1970 s,Smith constructed his policy execution model from the perspective of the policy implementation process and the factors affecting the policy implementation,and evolved the factors affecting the policy implementation into idealized policies,implementing agencies,target groups,and policy environments for the purpose of investigating households to change toilets.The process provides ideas.This article uses the Smith policy implementation process model as a framework to analyze the influencing factors of L township households’ toilet improvement policy implementation process,including policy norms,implementing agencies,target groups,and policy resources.It can be found how they affect households by influencing the policy implementation process.The effect of implementing the toilet reform policy also provides suggestions for the implementation of the toilet reform policy in China.The text of the central policy constitutes the normative basis of the L township household’s toilet reform policy,which plays a guiding role in the implementation of the household toilet reform policy,but in practice there is a lack of clarity,authenticity,and stability,which affects the household toilet reform policy.Sex.In the process of implementing the household toilet reform policy,the state should promote the guarantee of the authenticity of the policy and establish a communication mechanism between the top and the bottom to ensure that the policy is consistent.The township government and the village committee are the leading executors of the L township household toilet reform policy,and the level of their execution determines the effectiveness of the policy implementation.However,in the implementation process,the lack of rationality in the implementation of the executive body,the lack of professional capabilities of the executive body,and the strategic and rights of the executive body have affected the process of implementing the household toilet reform policy.And optimizing the setting of the implementing agency,enhancing the professional ability of the executive subject and cultivating the executive subject as an awareness can effectively enhance the executive force of the executing agency,and thus promote the smooth implementation of the household toilet reform policy.Villagers,as the target group of the L township households’ toilet reform policy,have a greater correlation with the policy’s recognition and the effect of the policy implementation.Whether the policy can meet their interest demands is the condition for the successful implementation of the policy.However,in the process of policy implementation,there are phenomena such as low recognition of the target group and poor participation.Therefore,the combination of traditional propaganda and new media propaganda is adopted to enhance the identity of farmers,build an interactive platform to strengthen the interaction with the target group,so that farmers can express their claims in a reasonable way,and then promote the smooth implementation of household toilet reform policies get on.The supporting factors in the policy environment will become the supporting conditions for policy implementation.The dynamic effects of smooth execution will also improve and reshape the environment to a certain extent,thereby turning the environment into favorable conditions for policy implementation.Moreover,the main supporting dimension in Smith ’s policy implementation is the resources for policy implementation,and the commonly used operational tool in the resources is fund disbursement.Therefore,capital guarantee is crucial in the policy environment.In Township L,due to the single fund-raising method,farmers ’burdens are heavy,and the village ’s collective economy is weak,resulting in the lack of village cadres’ discourse power,which restricts the effective implementation of households ’toilet reform policies.Therefore,by widening social capital investment and vigorously developing the village-level collective economy,L Township is provided with sufficient financial guarantees,and thus provides a good external support environment for the implementation of household toilet reform policies.In summary,in order to improve the effect of household toilet reform policies,it is necessary to combine vertical high-level promotion and upper and lower communication to ensure the standardization of policies at all levels;optimize organizational structure resources and enhance policy implementation effects;optimize target group interests and enhance policy approval;guarantee Financial support to promote policy implementation.更多还原