明代阳明学士人友朋观研究

【作者】 李强；

【导师】 王雪萍；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 中国古代史， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 朋友是基本的人伦关系之一。阳明学士人的友朋观一方面继承了儒家传统,另一方面与阳明学的学术宗旨、中晚明的时代背景相结合,体现出鲜明的学派特质。对阳明学士人友朋观的研究有助于理清儒家“友”文化的发展脉络。以友朋观为切入点也可加深对阳明学士人社会活动的理解。阳明学士人的友朋观主要是对先秦、两宋儒家士人友朋观的继承与发展,科举制的僵化、明代中期的士风变迁以及明代理学的践履化趋向推动了阳明学士人友朋观的产生。阳明学士人所论“友朋”主要是包括同门在内的志同道合之人,广义上包括“师友”关系。阳明学士人依据不同的标准将友朋之交划分为不同的类别,在友朋的选择上强调与德行高尚之人为友、广泛求取友朋、与胜己之人为友、与古圣贤为友。在友朋相处中,阳明学士人主张坚守信义之道、提倡谦虚相下,认为对友人应当尽劝勉之责,且在劝勉时要注意采取适当的方式。此外,阳明学士人认为友朋相交有促进精神愉悦、增进道德修养、推进学术体悟等诸多益处。阳明学士人友朋观的学派特质主要体现在以友辅仁的圣学修习方式、求友四方的学术传播途径、兴复友道以正人心的救世情怀三个方面。阳明学士人的友朋观对中晚明社会生活、党社政治、士风产生了多方面的影响,其观念存在精英与末流的落差、友道与君道的错位与冲突,友朋关系本身也存在着特殊性。阳明学士人的友朋观与明代社会、文化变迁桴鼓相应,凸显了明代士人群体的责任意识与士人精神,其观念及观念支配下的行为实践体现了明代地方社会的弹性。阳明学士人友朋观的继承与发展折射出儒家文化的承续性与延展性。尽管阳明学士人对友朋之益多加强调,但其观念中也存在着难以调和的矛盾,对中晚明社会的影响也是多层次的,这反映出思想的预设与实际运行间的差异。更多还原

【Abstract】 Friends are one of the basic ethical relationships.On the one hand,the scholars of Yangming school inherited the Confucian tradition,on the other hand,they combined with the academic tenet of Yangming school and the background of the middle and late Ming Dynasty,reflecting the distinctive characteristics of the school.The research on the view of friends of Yangming scholars is helpful to clarify the development of Confucian "friends" culture.Taking the view of friends as the starting point can also deepen the understanding of the social activities of Yangming scholars.The view of friends of Yangming scholars is mainly the inheritance and development of the view of friends of Confucians in the Pre-Qin and Song dynasties.The rigid imperial examination system,the change of the style of scholars in the middle of Ming Dynasty and the practice trend of Agency Science in Ming Dynasty promoted the view of friends of Yangming scholars.The "friends" mentioned by the scholars of Yangming mainly include the people with the same aspiration,including the relationship between teachers and friends in a broad sense.According to different standards,scholars in Yangming divided friends into different categories.In terms of the choice of friends,they emphasized making friends with those who are virtuous,seeking friends extensively,making friends with those who surpass themselves,and making friends with ancient sages.In the process of getting along with friends,the scholars of Yangming advocated sticking to the way of faith and advocating modesty.They believed that they should do their duty of exhortation to friends and take proper measures in exhortation.In addition,scholars of Yangming believe that friendship can promote spiritual pleasure,moral cultivation and academic understanding.The characteristics of Yang Ming scholar’s view of friends are mainly embodied in threeaspects: the way of learning with friends,the way of academic communication with friends,and the way of reviving friends to save the world.The view of friends of the scholars in Yangming Dynasty had many influences on the social life,the politics of the party and society,and the style of the scholars in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.There were differences between the elite and the last class,dislocations and conflicts between the friendship and the monarchy,and the friendship itself had its own particularity.The view of friends of the scholars in Yangming Dynasty corresponded with the social and cultural changes in Ming Dynasty,which highlighted the sense of responsibility and the spirit of the scholars in Ming Dynasty.Their ideas and behavior practice under the control of the ideas reflected the flexibility of the local society in Ming Dynasty.The inheritance and development of the view of friends of the scholars in Yangming reflects the continuity and extension of Confucian culture.Although scholars of Yangming emphasized more on friends,there were also contradictions in their ideas that were difficult to reconcile,and their influence on the society of the middle and late Ming Dynasty was multi-level,which reflected the differences between the presupposition of ideas and the actual operation.更多还原