【作者】 刘红；

【导师】 吴贺；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 世界史， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 19世纪末20世纪初,随着俄国社会的发展,腐朽的沙皇专制制度引起了人们的不满,俄国国内革命运动高涨,而日俄战争的失败,又加剧了社会矛盾。在沙皇面临统治危机时,他任命强势人物斯托雷平担任国家总理。经过多年地方和中央工作经验的积累,斯托雷平的国家至上理念逐渐形成。他认为国家的利益才是首要的利益,因此,首先要稳定社会,恢复国家秩序,于是他以强力手段平息了革命;然后是改革,他制订了整套的国家改革计划,试图以国家利益来重新整合即将分崩离析的俄国社会。本文主要介绍了斯托雷平的国家至上理念及其实践,首先详述斯托雷平国家至上理念产生的社会背景和思想渊源,然后说明其对国家至上理念的实践,包括政治改革计划、经济改革计划和包含教育、军事改革在内的其他改革计划。第一章主要介绍了斯托雷平国家至上理念产生的社会背景。与发达国家相比,俄国本就经济基础薄弱,沙皇专制制度又严重阻碍了经济的发展。20世纪初,俄国又发生了经济危机,经济上的不景气加剧了政治上的动荡,各地起义频发,要求改革沙皇专制制度。俄国在日俄战争中的惨败,使国内矛盾进一步加剧。1905年“流血星期日”事件的发生,直接引发了俄国1905年革命,俄国国内局势进一步恶化,要求变革已经成为俄国社会的一种共识。为了平息革命,稳定局势,尼古拉二世被迫签署了《十月诏书》,建立杜马。第二章主要介绍斯托雷平国家至上理念的思想渊源。俄国“国家”思想的渊源来自彼得大帝,在他之前,神权在俄国有着至上地位,沙皇是为上帝服务的,彼得大帝将俄国变为世俗国家,宣称“国家至上”。彼得大帝之后的沙皇,比较有作为的无论是叶卡捷琳娜二世还是亚历山大二世,都没有从国家理念上继承彼得大帝的国家思想。直到斯托雷平出任内阁总理后,试图重新以“国家”的名义团结各派势力,稳定国家,进行改革。第三章主要介绍了斯托雷平的国家至上理念与其政治改革计划。斯托雷平认为稳定的秩序是国家的核心利益。政府有义务维护国家秩序。于是他上台后以铁腕手段平息革命,稳定社会秩序,后又积极与杜马合作稳步推进改革。为加强中央对地方的控制,推出了地方政治改革计划,这方面改革对沙皇保守势力引发的震动最大,在谁能代表国家的问题上,显然斯托雷平自身也是缺乏说服力的。第四章主要介绍斯托雷平的国家至上理念与经济改革计划。20世纪初的俄国与一些欧美国家相比,比较落后,下层人民尤其是农民生活贫困,这不符合国家的根本利益。斯托雷平以德国改革为蓝本,推出了土地改革计划,打破俄国传统的村社制度,培养一批富农,试图在俄国培养出一定数量的中产阶级,因为中产阶级对于维护国家稳定具有重要作用。此外,为加强与西伯利亚和边疆区的联系,维护国家的边疆安全,斯托雷平政府组织大规模的移民运动,支持修建通往边疆区的铁路。第五章主要介绍了斯托雷平的国家至上理念与其他改革计划。主要是教育改革计划和海军改革计划,教育对国家的未来发展意义重大,斯托雷平政府推出了增建小学、培养教师等改革方案,极大推动了俄国教育的发展,进一步巩固、强化了教育作为政府义务的责任。此外,日俄战争打击了俄国海军的实力,也暴露了俄国的海军存在的问题,海军关乎国防,斯托雷平积极支持军舰建造计划,恢复俄国海军的实力,增强俄国海上力量,是维护国家安全的根本。结语总结了斯托雷平的国家理念的内涵,并对斯托雷平的国家至上理念及其实践的意义和价值进行了阐述。更多还原

【Abstract】 At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,with the development of Russian society,the decadent autocratic system of the tsarism caused dissatisfaction,the revolutionary movement in Russia rose,and the failure of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War exacerbated social conflicts.When the Tsar faced a ruling crisis,he appointed strong figure-Stolypin,as the Prime Minister.When working in provinces,Stolypin has accumulated a wealth of work experience and he has gradually formed hin own idea of nation supremacy.He believed that the interest of the country is most important,so first of all,he should make the society stable and restore the order of the country,so he calmed down the revolution with powerful measures.And then reform the country,he formulated a set of national reform plans,trying to reintegrate the Russian society which is about to fall apart with the interest of country.This article mainly introduces Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy and its practice.First of all,it elaborates the social background and ideological origin of Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy,and then explains its practice of the idea of the nation supremacy,including political and economic and other reforming plans,which include education and military reform plans.The first chapter mainly introduces the social background of the Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy.Compared with developed countries,economic foundation of Russia was aweak.The tsarist autocracy system seriously hindered economic development.At the beginning of the 20th century,another economic crisis took place.The economic downturn has intensified the political turbulence.Frequent uprisings have been carried out around the country.The people request for a reform of the tsarist autocracy.And the fiasco in the Russo-Japanese War has further aggravated domestic conflicts.The occurrence of the "bleeding Sunday" incident in 1905 directly led to the revolution in Russia in 1905,and the situation in Russia further deteriorated.The demand for change has become a consensus in Russian society.In order to quell the revolution and stabilize the situation,Nicholas Ⅱ was forced to sign an October Seal and establish the Duma.The second chapter mainly introduces the ideological origin of Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy.The origin of Russia’s "nation" thought came from Peter the Great.Before he became a tsar,theocracy had been supremacy in Russia,the tsar was serving God,and Peter the Great transformed Russia into a secular country,then claimed that "the country is supreme".The tsars after Peter the Great,either Catherine II or Alexander II did not inherit the national thought.Until Stolypin became the Prime Minister of the Cabinet,he united factions witn the "nation" to stabilize the country and carry out reforms.The third chapter mainly introduces Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy and his political reform plans.Stolypin believed that the stable order is the core interest of the country,the government has the obligation to stabilize the country’s order.After he took office,he used iron fists to calm down the revolution and stabilize social order.Later,he actively cooperated with the Duma,made the reform in steady progress.In order to strengthen the central government’s control over localities he launched local political reform plans,the reform has caused the greatest shock to the conservative forces of the Tsar.On the problem of who can represent the country,it was clear that Stolypin himself was unpersuasive.The fourth chapter mainly introduces Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy and economic reform plans.Compared with some European and American countries,Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was relatively backward.The people at a low living standard,especially the peasants,had a poverty life,and this did not meet the fundamental interest of the country.Based on German reforms,Stolypin launched agrarian reform plans to break the Russian traditional village community system,cultivate a group of rich peasants,and try to cultivate a certain number of middle classes in Russia because the middle class plays an important role in maintaining national stability.In addition,in order to strengthen ties with Siberia and the border areas,and maintain the security of the countrys’ borders,the Stolypin government organized large-scale immigration campaigns to support the construction of the railway to the border areas.The fifth chapter mainly introduces Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy and other reform plans.Mainly introduces the educational reform plans and the navy reform plans.Because education is of great significance to the development of the future in a country.The Stolypin government has introduced reform programs such as building more elementary school and training teachers and so on,which has greatly promoted the development of Russian educations patriotism,and it further consolidated and strengthened education’s responsibility as a government obligation.In addition,the Russo-Japanese War has hit the strength of the Russian Navy and also exposed the problems of the Russian Navy.The Navy is concerned with national defense.Stolypin actively supported the construction of warships,to restore the strength of the Russian Navy,enhance Russian maritime strength,which was the fundament to safeguarding national security.The conclusion sums up the connotation of Stolypin’s idea of nation and explains the significance and value of Stolypin’s idea of nation supremacy and its practice.更多还原