【作者】 王琦；

【导师】 胡金生；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 注意偏向是指与中性信息相比,个体会优先注意具有情绪含义的刺激。孤独症谱系障碍者的情绪注意偏向研究大多集中于视觉通道,他们不像普通被试那样首先注意情绪图片,而是更偏爱非情绪刺激。目前,很少有研究探讨ASD者听觉通道的情绪注意偏向特点。情绪韵律是由音高、强度、时长等声学线索变化构成的一种副言语信息,可以反映讲话者不同的情绪状态。因此,本文以情绪韵律为材料,实验一和实验二分别从行为和瞳孔扩张反应两个层面考察了ASD者是否也存在听觉通道的情绪韵律注意偏向缺陷。此外,尽管已有研究发现ASD者存在视觉通道的情绪注意偏向缺陷,但其背后原因还不清楚。知觉负载理论认为,ASD者的情绪注意偏向缺陷可能由于目标任务会消耗该人群大量认知资源,导致没有资源用于情绪加工。社会动机理论则认为,ASD者的社会动机机制难以被情绪刺激激活,无法自发地构建内在奖励并产生积极心理意义,从而表现出情绪信息不敏感。因此,本文的实验三进一步探讨了ASD者情绪注意偏向缺陷的可能原因。研究选取15名ASD被试和17名普通被试完成3个实验,实验过程中以oddball形式呈现不同情绪韵律声音,其中,中性韵律为标准声音刺激,快乐和愤怒韵律为新异声音刺激。实验一、二首先借助反应时、错误率和瞳孔直径等指标分析被试的情绪韵律注意偏向特点。结果显示:(1)实验一中,ASD被试在快乐、愤怒和中性韵律条件下,图片判断的反应时和错误率没有差异,而普通被试的图片判断速度会受到快乐和愤怒韵律的影响而下降。(2)在进一步的瞳孔反应实验中,ASD被试在三种韵律条件下,瞳孔扩张没有显著差异,而普通被试在快乐和愤怒韵律下的瞳孔扩张明显大于中性韵律。实验三中,首先要求被试在高低两种知觉负载水平下判断屏幕中的目标字母,随后报告是否听到新异情绪韵律。结果发现,无论目标任务知觉负载水平高低,ASD被试字母判断的反应时和错误率与普通被试相似,且在要求被试报告是否听到新异情绪韵律的条件下,观察到了新异情绪韵律出现对ASD被试目标任务反应的影响。因此,本文得出以下结论:(1)ASD人群存在情绪韵律注意偏向缺陷,与该人群视觉通道的情绪注意偏向研究结果一致。(2)ASD人群的情绪韵律注意偏向缺陷并不是由于知觉超载,更可能是源于该人群的社会动机不足,支持了ASD者的社会动机理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Attentional bias refers that comparing with neutral stimuli,emotional stimuli usually get prior attention and process.About the attentional bias to emotions in visual channel,previous studies reported that people with autism spectrum disorders(ASD)had atypical attention patterns of emotional faces and pictures with absent first attention to emotional stimuli and preference to neutral materials.However,little was known about the attentional bias to auditory emotions in ASD.Emotional expression also depends on the changes of acoustic cues in speech,such as pitch,intensity and duration,which constitute emotional prosody.To investigate the generality of attentional bias to cross-model emotions in ASD,we extended the experimental materials to emotional prosody and focused on the impact of novel emotional prosody on the behavioral data and pupil size as a marker of the attentional bias to emotional prosody.So far,based on the perceptual load theory,some studies demonstrated the deficiency of attentional bias to emotions in ASD was because the perceptual load of the main task was too high for them so the emotions were not processed.However,more recent studies were rooted in social motivation theory of ASD and believed the deficiency is mainly from the diminished social motivation when processing emotions.Therefore,it is necessary to do more exploration about the underlying reasons for the deficiency of attentional bias to emotions in ASD.We presented an oddball paradigm including two types of novel emotional prosody within a sequence of repeated standard neutral prosody to 15 people with ASD and 17 typical developing(TD)people,while the participants were required to complete a main task.Results showed that:(1)in experiment 1,the reaction times of main task under the novel emotional prosody conditions were longer than the standard neutral prosody in TD.And the reaction times and error rates had no significant differences across three types of emotional prosody in ASD;(2)in experiment 2,angry and happy novel prosody elicited a strong pupil dilation response in TD only,but not in ASD.(3)in experiment 3,whether in high or low perceptual load,reaction times and error rates of the main task as well as accuracies of emotional prosody detection task between two groups have no significant differences.And the respense was influenced by the novel emotional prosody under the attentional condition in ASD.The results strongly suggested that(1)the attentional bias to emotional prosody was deficient in ASD,which was consistent with the results from visual channels.(2)the deficiency was mainly from the diminished social motivation in this group when processing emotions,which supported the social motivation theory of ASD.更多还原