【作者】 殷平；

【导师】 风笑天；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 社会学， 2017， 硕士

【摘要】 实施近四十年的计划生育政策显著地降低了中国的生育率,随之而来的家庭子女数减少被证明在一定程度上削弱了教育的性别间不平等程度。由于中国社会仍然存在一定程度的男孩偏好,非独生子女中的女孩在教育获得方面依然具有一定的劣势。这说明独生子女身份和性别在当下仍有可能对教育获得产生影响。由于数据的限制,相关研究的研究对象是已完成受教育阶段的人群,因此注重分析教育结果的不平等而缺少对教育过程中的不平等的讨论。这一研究现状的缺陷在于不能直接回应资源稀释假说,特别是在特定社会文化背景下教育资源如何受到兄弟姐妹结构的影响将无法得到讨论。家庭在教育资源方面的投入是社会再生产的重要环节,因此通过分析家庭教育资源分配对理解教育不平等问题便显得尤为必要。本研究基于一项全国十二城市调查,以目前正在读幼儿园、小学、初中等三个阶段的城市适龄儿童为研究对象,探讨独生子女身份与性别对其教育资源获得的影响。适龄儿童所能获得的教育资源取决于其家庭背景,但是已有研究往往将家庭视作单一的决策主体,这并不能呈现父母在教育资源分配方面的差异性表现。由于独生子女成年后会表现出更强的性别平等意识,因此在分析家庭教育资源分配时,父母的独生子女身份的影响不能被忽视,很有可能的情况是:成为父母的独生子女不会做出基于性别的差异化教育资源分配策略。综上所述,本文试图回答以下两部分问题:1、子代的独生子女身份和性别如何影响到家庭教育资源的分配?2、父母的独生子女身份如何影响到家庭资源的分配?通过对第一部分问题的回答,本研究试图探讨在独生子女政策实施近四十年后,性别是否还能够影响个体教育资源的获得。本研究对第二部分问题的探讨意在发现成为父母的独生子女与成为父母的非独生子女在子女教育资源投入方面是否存在差异,以增加我们对独生子女生命历程的理解。本研究发现:在当前的中国城市家庭,子女是否独生子女、子女的性别会对教育资源分配产生影响;非独生子女在校外教育资源获得方面相对于独生子女存在劣势;女孩选择校外教育的几率更高,但是非独生子女中的女孩在校外教育资源获取方面没有优势,这说明兄弟姐妹的存在会影响女孩的教育资源获取;在非独生子女中,长子并不一定比长女在教育资源获得方面存在优势,但是年龄间隔越小对女孩的教育资源的获得越不利。父母是否是独生子女也对家庭教育资源分配产生了影响:母亲是否是独生子女对子女的校外教育资源获得有显著影响,特别是在有两个孩子的情况下,母亲如果是非独生子女,将会对孩子的教育资源获得产生负面的影响,在控制母亲的教育和月收入之后,母亲独生子女身份的影响消失了,此时母亲的教育年限、月收入对非独生子女的校外教育资源获得有正向的影响。这说明独生女与非独生女在子女教育方面的差异很有可能是教育带来的。最后,本研究认为在全面放开二孩的政策背景下,家庭子女数的增加有可能会影响非独生子女、女孩的教育资源获得。最后本研究试图提出相关的政策建议:1、政府需出台政策、法规去规范校外补习市场,以避免家庭在面临教育投资压力的情况下做出基于性别的差异化的教育资源分配策略;2、母亲被发现对于非独生子女教育资源的获取具有显著影响,因此在全面二孩的政策背景下出台发展型的家庭政策来提升女性福祉显得尤为重要。更多还原

【Abstract】 The implementation of the family planning policy in the last forty years has significantly lowered China’s fertility rate,and the reduction in the number of children in families has been shown to weaken the degree of gender inequality in education consequently.Because boy preference is still rooted in Chinese society nowadays,girls from non-only children still have some disadvantages in education attainment.This shows that the only-child status and gender in the present still may exert influence on the individuals’ access to educational resources.With the limitations of the data,the subjects of the relevant studies are the people who have graduated from school,so they pay more attention to the analysis of the inequality of educational outcomes and lack the discussion about the inequality in the education process.The drawback of this is that we cannot directly respond to the hypothesis of resource dilution,how educational resources will be affected by sibling structure will not be discussed especially in the specific social and cultural context.Family investment in education resources is an important part of social reproduction.Therefore,it is necessary to understand the inequality of education by analyzing the allocation of family education resources.This study will use a dataset from a national survey conducted in twelve Chinese cities to explore how the only-child status and gender of school-age students exert influence on the access to educational resources,which will help us understand education inequality in the process of education.The amount of education resources that school-age children can receive depends on their family background,but the previous studies treated the family as a single decision maker,which cannot show different impacts of father and mother in the allocation of education resources.Because of the only-child adult will show stronger awareness of gender equality,so the influence of parents’ only-child status can not be ignored in the analysis of education resource allocation.It is likely for only child to allocate education resource more equally in term of gender after they become parents.This article attempts to answer the following questions:1.Do the only-child status and gender of the children affect the allocation of family education resources.2,Do the only-child status of parents affect the allocation of family resources?By answering the first part of the question,this study attempts to explore whether the gender continues to affect individual educational resources after nearly forty years of implementation of the one-child policy.With the aim of understanding the only child’s life course,the exploration of the second part intends to find out whether parents’only-child status can exert influence on educational investment.The two-part issues focus two generations of only child,and we try to discuss the impact of the major events in the life course of the only child on their children’s education.By analyzing children’s private supplementary tutoring in urban families,this study found that whether children are the only child,the gender of children can exert influence on the allocation of educational resources among current Chinese urban families:non-only child have less access to educational resources than the only child;girls of non-only children have no advantage in access to educational resources in private supplementary tutoring,the existence of brothers and sisters has negative effect on the girl’s access to educational resources;among non-only children,the eldest son doesn’t have more access to educational resources than the eldest girl,but the smaller the age space is,the more access to educational resources the girls can have.In addition,whether the parent is the only child also has an impact on the allocation of educational resources:whether the mother is the only child has a significant impact on the children’s educational resources,especially in the case of two children,if mother is a non-only child,there is a negative impact on the child’s access to educational resources;after the control of the mother’s education and monthly income,the significance of mother’s only-child status disappeared,then the mother’s education and monthly income have positive effects for non-only child’s educational resources.This shows that the difference in educating children between the only child and non-only child is likely to be brought by education.Above all,this study argues that the amount of educational resources that non-only children and girls can receive will be reduced under the Two-children policy in the future,which will increase the number of children in the family.Finally,this study tries to put forward policy suggestions:1,government should come up with policies and regulations to regulate the market of private supplementary tutoring in order to prohibit family from making the education resource allocation strategy which can generate gender differences,especially for the family with heavy burden in investing children’s education;2,the mother was found to have significant effects on non-only child’s education resources,so implementing relevant family policy to improve the well-being of women is particularly important under the Two-children policy.更多还原