【作者】 张莹；

【导师】 王全华；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 植物学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)是典型的长日照植物,雌雄异株抽薹开花期的早晚及雌雄株的比率与杂交育种纯度和产量密切相关。温度、光照和激素等因素是调控植物花芽分化和开花的重要因素,目前光质、光周期和激素对菠菜的生长及性别分化影响的研究尚少,对菠菜抽薹开花期的调控利用不足。因此,研究光质、光周期和激素对菠菜生长与性别表现的影响具有重要意义。本研究通过比较在不同红蓝光配比、光周期和激素处理下,菠菜栽培种材料间在营养品质、抽薹开花时间以及性别表现等植物学特征和生物学特性的差异,并结合生殖发育相关的MADS-box基因表达分析,初步探究了光和激素等外界条件对菠菜的生长发育、营养品质及性别表现等影响的规律。主要研究结果如下:1)通过不同比例红蓝光处理表明,菠菜的株高、株幅、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶片数量等生长指标显著高于白光对照。其中R4B1和R5B1光质条件更有利于耐抽薹菠菜材料SP75和GS6菠菜植株的营养生长;而R5B1和R3B1光质条件更有利于不耐抽薹菠菜材料SP73和GS8植株的营养生长。另外,红蓝光处理显著提高了菠菜中的维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量,降低菠菜中的硝态氮含量和β胡萝卜素含量。此外,红蓝光处理菠菜的抽薹开花时间提前显著,其中R4B1和R5B1促进抽薹开花,分别比白光对照组提早抽薹13.3d和15.2 d,开花时间提前32.7 d和21.0 d,同时可诱导雌株产生雄花。2)通过光周期处理表明长光处理增加菠菜植株高度和叶片数量,并且菠菜叶片中维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量显著高于对照,硝态氮含量低于对照。同时长光处理后菠菜的抽薹开花时间显著提前。对耐抽薹品种来说,长光处理显著提早了菠菜抽薹和开花时间,分别提前了40.2 d和72.1 d;对不耐抽薹品种来说,长光处理也显著提早了菠菜抽薹和开花时间,分别提前7.7 d和52.1 d。3)通过赤霉素处理表明,50 mg/L和100 mg/L GA处理对菠菜的生长发育有积极的影响。喷施GA3处理后菠菜叶片中营养物质变化显著,但不同菠菜材料对赤霉素的影响不尽相同。50和100 mg/L赤霉素使耐抽薹菠菜分别提前抽薹和开花时间32.6 d和4.5 d;对不耐抽薹材料来说,分别提早了菠菜抽薹和开花时间8.7 d和16.7 d。此外,本研究表明乙烯利处理对菠菜的植株大小有影响,但对菠菜抽薹开花期没有明显的影响,对开花期菠菜性别表现也没有明显的影响,并且浓度高时抑制生长,甚至促进菠菜叶片衰老。4)在菠菜中共鉴定出52个MADS-box蛋白,其中I型有16个,II型有36个,其中I型MADS-box基因有14个不含内含子;I型MADS-box蛋白的保守基序数目比II型多;启动子分析显示菠菜MADS-box家族基因启动子区域含有大量光诱导和响应顺式元件;表达模式分析显示菠菜MADS-box基因家族成员具有一定的组织表达特异性,它们在菠菜的根中表达量较低,大部分基因在莲座叶柄、抽薹叶、抽薹叶柄、茎、雄花和雌花中表达都较高,其中So MADS26在抽薹叶和抽薹叶柄中有较高表达量,So MADS33、So MADS49和So MADS51在雄花和雌花中有较高表达量。光质处理可以诱导菠菜MADS-box基因的表达,且So MADS22、So MADS28、So MADS32和So MADS49表达丰度较高,在R4B1、R5B1和R6B1处理下表达较高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Spinach(Spinacia oleracea L.)is a typical long-day plant,the early and late flowering stage and the ratio of dioecious plants are closely related to the purity and yield of hybrid seed production.Factors such as temperature,light and hormones are important factors regulating plant flower bud differentiation and flowering.At present,there are few studies on the effects of light quality,photoperiod and hormones on the growth and sex differentiation of spinach,and the regulation and control of spinach bolting and flowering are underutilized.In this study,spinach was treated with red and blue ratio,photoperiod and hormones.By measuring growth indicators,nutrition indicators,and surveying flowering time,and observing its sexual differentiation,combined with MADS-box gene expression analysis,we explored the growth and nutrition of spinach with light and hormone treatment.The main research results are as follows:1)Red and blue ratio treatments showed that spinach had significantly higher growth indexes such as plant height,plant width,leaf length,leaf width,and leaf number than the white light control.Among them,R4B1 and R5B1 treatments were more conducive to the growth of late-bolting spinach lines SP75 and GS6;while R5B1 and R3B1 treatments were more favorable to the growth of non-late-bolting spinach lines SP73 and GS8.In addition,red and blue light treatment significantly increased the content of vitamin C,soluble sugar and soluble protein in spinach,and reduced the content of nitrate nitrogen and β-carotene in spinach.At the same time,the red and blue light treatment promote spinach earlier bolting and flowering.Among them,R4B1 and R5B1 significantly promoted earlier bolting and flowering,and induced female plants to produce male flowers.Under R4B1 conditions,the bolting and flowering time were 13.3 d and 32.7 d,respectively.Under R5B1,the spinach bolting and flowering time were 15.2 d and 21.0 d,respectively.2)Photoperiod treatment showed that spinach had positive effect on plants size,plant height and leaf numbers.After long daylength treatment,the content of vitamin C,soluble sugar and soluble protein in spinach leaves were significantly higher than those in control,and the content of nitrate was lower than that in control.At the same time,the bolting and flowering time was significantly advanced after long light treatment.For late-bolting lines,the spinach bolting and flowering time were significantly earlier 40.2 d and 72.1 d,after long light treatment,respectively;for non-late-bolting lines,the spinach bolting and flowering time were significantly earlier 7.7 d and 52.1 d,after long light treatment,respectively.3)The gibberellin treatment showed that GA3 has a positive effect on the growth of spinach.The nutrient content in leaves of spinach changed significantly,but different varieties had different effects on gibberellin.With 50 and 100 mg/L gibberellin,the bolting and flowering time of late-bolting spinach were 32.6 d and 4.5 d,respectively;for the non-tolerant cultivars,the bolting and flowering time were 8.7 d and 16.7 d,respectively.In addition,this study showed that the plant size and plant height of spinach became smaller after ethephon treatment.There was no significant effect on bolting and flowering time,and sexual differentiation of spinach during flowering.Besides,it inhibits growth and even promotes spinach leaf senescence at high concentrations.4)There are 52 MADS-box proteins in spinach were identified,including 16 Type I MADS-box genes,and 36 Type II MADS-box genes,and there were more introns in Type II MADS-box gene and 14 Type I MADS-box genes were intronless,and the number of conserved motifs in type I MADS-box proteins was more than that in Type II MADS-box proteins.There were a lot of light-induced and responsive cis-elements in the promoter region of the MADS-box genes in spinach.All detected genes were lower expressed in roots,and most genes were high expressed in rosette petioles,bolting leaves,bolting petioles,stems,male flowers and female flowers,among which So MADS26 has higher expression in bolting leaves and bolting petioles,and So MADS33,So MADS49 and So MADS51 have higher expression in male and female flowers.Besides,the expression level of So MADS-box genes was induced by light quality treatment,and the expression abundance of So MADS22,So MADS28,So MADS32 and So MADS49 was higher,especially under R4B1,R5B1 and R6B1 treatments.更多还原