【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 蒋传光；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 法律（非法学）（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 早期的法兰西并非是一个拥有稳定、完整法律体系的国家,教会拥有立法、司法权力,甚至影响世俗社会的政治权力归属;贵族在领地范围内也有制定法律的权力,中央的法令往往只在王室领域内得到有效实施。为了实现对国家全面的有效统治,所以国王在统治中设立三级议会,不断削弱教会、贵族权力,推进集权统治。至路易十六时期,法国的启蒙思想运动更加活跃,进一步宣传了反封建的思想文化运动,为法国大革命奠定思想基础和提供理论武器。加之旧制度下的等级制度使得属于法国第三等级普通农民承担沉重的税赋,而贵族和教士享受免税待遇。这种税收制度和包税制度减少了法国财政来源和收入,并且王室的奢侈生活和官员机构的冗余,法国财政入不敷出政府出现严重的经济危机。路易十六任用大臣采取财政改革无法解决这一难题,便寄希望于重开三级会议达到向第三等级加征税赋的目的,这一举措得到以资产阶级为代表的反对,成为了法国大革命发生的直接原因。资产阶级革命发生之后,革命者率先发布《人权宣言》赋予公民权利,根据启蒙运动中卢梭等人的法律思想,确立法律面前人人平等和分权原则。最为重要的是,大革命初期推翻了旧有等级制度和封建法律制度并制定宪法,搭建了现代国家法律体系雏形。法国大革命时期虽然雅各宾派、吉伦特派、拿破仑等相继执政,各自政见不同从而使得革命以来法国国体在君主制和共和制之间反复,法国没有一部稳定的宪法可以长久应用。在法国宪法长期的探索实践中,法国的宪法理论得到长足的发展,尽管在政治实践中面对了许多挫折和失败,但是大革命的精神一直为法国宪法所继承,法国宪法中一直坚持保护公民权利与共和原则。法国人也保持理想信念并且积极寻找树立宪法权威和维护宪法稳定性的措施,制定符合法国实际的宪法。所以在战后为了防止国体和法律变更频繁更替,创设半总统半议会制,设立宪法委员会以规范行政权力和保证施行法律的合宪性。当然,大革命不仅影响了法国的宪法形式和内容,让法国在近代数百年的法律发展中处于领先地位,更影响了法国的治理模式。政党制度从革命中继承并发展,在法律的监管中良好运行,激发了民众对于政治的参与热情。宪法委员会和行政法院可以有效提高行政效率,保证有限民主政府的运行。更为重要的是,革命带给了法国人民参与政治的传统,对于宪法至上的原则刻入每一位公民的心中,让法国在以宪法为中心的法治道路上继续前进。更多还原

【Abstract】 France was not a country with a stable and complete legal system on the Middle Ages.Many laws,such as customary law,statutory law,ecclesiastical law,and Roman law,were applied in different scopes of the country.The Christian church of France also had legislative,judicial power,and even influenced the political power of the secular society;the French Nobles also had the power to formulate laws within their territories,and the central statutes were often effectively implemented only in the royal sphere.In order to achieve a complete and effective rule of the country,the king constantly weakened the power of the church and aristocracy in his rule and promoted centralized rule.The Bourbon dynasty was a period of absolute monarchy.The king’s power gradually increased,and by the time of Louis XIV,the monarchy had reached its peak.The king weakened the power of the aristocracy,separated the French church from the Holy See,and the church was under the supervision of secular power.The king successively introduced several codes,which basically unified the application of laws in the territory.During the reign of Louis XVI,the governors of the provinces became the king’s spokesperson,and the third-level meeting could not control the king’s opinion and stopped for a long time.Prior to the Revolution,the hierarchical system under the old system made ordinary farmers belonging to the third level of France bear heavy taxes,while nobles and priests enjoyed tax-free treatment.This tax system and tax package system reduced French financial sources and income,coupled with the luxury life of the royal family and the redundancy of official institutions,and the French government failed to make ends meet with a serious economic crisis.Louis XVI’s appointment minister failed to solve this problem through fiscal reforms.He hoped that the re-opening of the thirdlevel meeting would achieve the purpose of increasing taxes to the third level.This measure was opposed by the bourgeoisie and became France.The immediate cause of the Revolution.After the bourgeois revolution,the revolutionaries took the lead in issuing the "Declaration of Human Rights" to empower the citizens,and established the principles of equality and decentralization before the law in accordance with the legal thoughts of Rousseau and others in the Enlightenment.Most importantly,in the early days of the French Revolution,the old hierarchical system and feudal legal system were overthrown and a constitution was formulated,which established the embryonic form of a modern national legal system.During the French Revolution,although the Jacobin,Gironde,Napoleon,and other governors successively ruled different political opinions,the French politic system has been repeated between monarchy and republic since the revolution.France does not have a stable constitution that can be applied for a long time.The spirit is inherited by the French Constitution.In order to prevent frequent changes in the state system and laws after the war,a Constitutional Committee was established to regulate administrative power and ensure the constitutionality of implementing laws.Of course,the Revolution not only affected the French Constitution,put France in a leading position in recent centuries,but also affected the French governance model.The party system is inherited from the revolution and operates well in the supervision of the law,which has stimulated people’s enthusiasm for political participation.The Constitutional Committee and the Administrative Court can effectively improve administrative efficiency and guarantee the operation of a limited democratic government.More importantly,the revolution brought the French people a tradition of participating in politics.The principle of the supremacy of the Constitution is engraved in the hearts of every citizen,and France continues to advance on the road to the rule of law.更多还原