【作者】 胡建东；

【导师】 张敏；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 工业革命以来,以技术变革为基础的文明形态变革构成了当代社会的两大特殊困境:一是以技术革命为手段,由人对自然无限索取而造成的全球性生态问题;二是以资本逻辑为基础,以“人对物的相对依赖性”所表征的主体物化问题(异化问题)。进入21世纪,这种危机趋势不仅没有得到遏制,反而呈愈演愈烈之态。这就促使我们必须从深层的文化危机高度对这两大问题进行前提性反思。生态文明的提出,是对工业文明辩证否定的结果,是更高级的文明类型。若是想顺利过渡到生态文明社会,人们必须在哲学层面上重新认识“人”在自然界中的角色定位,反思造成生态危机的根本原因。本文立足于马克思的经典文本,从马克思理论的哲学层面上的实践观变革的高度出发,系统梳理研究了马克思生态思想的形成发展历程。并且提出,对于马克思生态思想的理解必须立足于实践观变革的高度;否则就无法理解马克思的生态思想是如何从人本学的水平过渡到历史唯物主义的高度。从马克思生态思想的形成发展历程来看,其大致经历了《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的萌芽期,到《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》和《德意志意识形态》的形成发展期,再到《资本论》阶段的成熟完善期。马克思的生态思想从人的生产实践出发,重点批判的是生态危机产生背后的资本主义的制度根源。以寻求“人与人的和解”和“人与自然的和解”为理论目标,展现出强烈的人类中心主义色彩和技术乐观主义的理性态度。马克思生态思想的核心观点是,不能把生态危机简单的归结为生态价值观的抽象层面和技术的片面使用等表象原因,而是要从统治整个社会的制度层面和生产关系层面来寻求生态危机的终极原因。马克思在《资本论》中通过对资本主义经济运行规律的全面揭示,从根本上指明了资本主义社会的生态危机在于资本主义制度和这种制度所主导下的生产方式。所以,对于生态危机的解决路径上,马克思始终以革命性的态度指出生态问题的出路只能是变革资本主义制度,从而扬弃资本主义的生产方式。在本研究的最后,我们分别从理论和实践这两大层面阐释了研究马克思生态思想现实意义。就其理论意义而言,研究马克思的生态思想对于我们当下明晰生态问题的根源实质和坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路提供了自信;同时,为我们在新时代坚持和发展习近平生态文明思想提供了理论指引。就其现实意义而言,立足于实践观点的思维方式研究马克思的生态思想和历史唯物主义的生态思维方式,不仅有利于我们在新时代生态文明建设中培育公民的生态价值观,而且有利于在马克思生态思想的启示下发展生态生产力,以实现新时代中国经济社会的全方位和高质量发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the industrial revolution,the transformation of civilization form based on the technological revolution has constituted two special dilemmas of the contemporary society:one is the global ecological problem caused by man’s unlimited demand for nature by means of the technological revolution;the other is the subject materialization problem(alienation problem)represented by "man’s relative dependence on things" based on the capital logic.In the 21 st century,this crisis trend is not only not contained,but also intensified.This urges us to carry on the premise reflection to these two big problems from the deep cultural crisis height.The proposition of ecological civilization is the result of the dialectical negation of industrial civilization and a higher type of civilization.If we want to make a smooth transition to an ecological civilization society,we must re understand the role of "human" in nature and reflect on the root causes of ecological crisis.Based on the classic text of Marx,this paper systematically combs and studies the formation and development of Marx’s ecological thought from the perspective of the change of practice view on the philosophical level of Marx’s theory.And put forward that the understanding of Marx’s ecological thought must be based on the height of the transformation of the practical view;otherwise,we can’t understand how Marx’s ecological thought transited from the level of humanism to the height of historical materialism.From the perspective of the formation and development of Marx’s ecological thought,it has roughly gone through the embryonic stage of the manuscript of economic philosophy in 1844,the formation and development stage of the outline of Feuerbach and the German Ideology,and then the mature and perfect stage of the capital.Starting from the practice of human production,Marx’s ecological thought mainly criticizes the system root of capitalism behind the ecological crisis.With the theoretical goal of "reconciliation between man and nature" and "reconciliation between man and nature",it shows a strong anthropocentric color and a rational attitude of technological optimism.The core point of Marx’s ecological thought is that the ecological crisis can not be simply attributed to the abstract level of ecological values and the one-sided use of technology,but to seek theultimate cause of the ecological crisis from the system level that dominates the whole society.In his capital,Marx pointed out that the ecological crisis of capitalist society lies in the capitalist system and the mode of production under the guidance of the capitalist system.Therefore,on the way to solve the ecological crisis,Marx always points out that the only way to solve the ecological problem is to change the capitalist system,so as to sublate the capitalist mode of production.At the end of this study,we explain the practical significance of studying Marx’s ecological thought from two aspects of theory and practice.In terms of its theoretical significance,studying Marx’s ecological thinking has provided confidence for us to clarify the essence of the ecological problems and the unswerving China’s socialist road.It also provides theoretical guidance for us to uphold and develop Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization in the new era.As far as its practical significance is concerned,the study of Marx’s ecological thinking and historical materialism’s ecological thinking based on the practical point of view is not only conducive to the cultivation of citizens’ ecological values in the construction of ecological civilization in the new era,but also conducive to the development of ecological productivity under the enlightenment of Marx’s ecological thinking,so as to realize the all-round development of China’s economy and society in the new era And high quality development.更多还原