【作者】 何苗；

【导师】 陈飞；

【作者基本信息】 东南大学 ， 交通运输工程， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 高原地区地形地势复杂,气候条件恶劣,交通事故多发且严重,道路安全形势严峻。高原低压缺氧环境下驾驶员的生理与心理状况与平原地区存在较大差异,其感知能力、判断决策能力和操作能力受到显著影响,同时车辆制动性能也因低气压而发生变化。因此,高原公路对停车视距有更高要求。本论文从驾驶员反应时间角度结合驾驶员操作时间与车辆制动反应时间,进行高原公路停车视距的研究。本论文分析各国停车视距相关参数的设置以及道路交通四要素对停车视距的影响,在细化停车制动过程的基础上,将驾驶员反应时间分为驾驶员制动反应时间与操作时间,并进一步分析停车视距制动模型。高原地区驾驶员反应时间相较于平原地区存在更多的影响因素,分析确定试验考虑指标为海拔、光照强度、驾驶员年龄、性别和驾驶经验程度。利用HTML+JavaScript+CSS编写反应时间网页测试程序,并于南京(10m)、波密(海拔2700m)、林芝(海拔3000m)、拉萨(海拔3650m)、那曲(海拔4460m)以及羊湖景区(海拔4800m)6处进行驾驶员制动反应时间测试试验,收集有效样本492组。利用UC-win/Road场景制作软件与驾驶模拟器设计驾驶模拟仿真试验,与驾驶员网页测试试验进行对比分析得出驾驶员操作时间。基于高原试验的数据,利用归一化处理降低不同驾驶员差异性,通过数据概率分布图确定每位驾驶员制动反应时间代表值选取为第八十分位值;进一步分析得出:驾驶员的制动反应时间与海拔成正相关,光线越暗驾驶员所需反应时间越长,驾驶员年纪越大反应时间越慢,性别差异不明显,不同海拔下驾驶员制动反应时间方差基本逐渐递增,不同驾驶员对于高原环境的适宜性差异较大。对比分析8名不同驾驶经验驾驶员反应时间网页测试的试验,结果表明驾驶经验对反应时间网页测试结果影响不显著;通过UC-win/Road软件及MATLAB编写程序分析驾驶员操作时间,研究表明:驾驶员的操作时间受驾驶经验程度的影响,新手驾驶员的操作时间相对较长;基于安全考虑提出停车视距模型中驾驶员操作时间为1.0s。最后,通过驾驶员制动反应时间分布初步确定回归形式,建立驾驶员制动反应时间与海拔、驾驶时间段(光照强度)以及驾驶员年龄回归模型;在研究驾驶员操作时间与车辆制动反应时间的基础上,建立适用于高原驾驶员的公路视距模型,并提出高原公路停车视距建议值,同时针对横坡、纵坡、空气阻力对高原公路视距模型进行修正。本论文通过分析高原环境下驾驶员的制动反应特性,结合驾驶员操作时间与车辆制动反应时间,建立了高原公路停车视距模型。研究结果对完善高原公路设计规范以及提升高原驾驶安全性有着重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The plateau area is characterized by complex terrain,harsh climate,frequent and serious traffic accidents,and severe road safety situation.There are great differences between drivers’ physiological and psychological conditions in plateau hypobaric hypoxia environment and those in plain areas.Their perception ability,judgment decision-making ability and operation ability are significantly affected.At the same time,vehicle braking performance is also changed due to the low pressure.Therefore,plateau highways have higher requirements for stopping sight distance.In this paper,from the perspective of driver reaction time,combined with driver operation time and vehicle braking reaction time,the stopping sight distance of highway on plateau is studied.Based on the detailed stopping and braking process,driver reaction time is divided into driver braking reaction time and operation time,and the stopping visual distance braking model is further analyzed.There are more factors affecting drivers’ reaction time in the plateau area than in the plain area.The factors considered in the test are altitude,light condition,driver’s age,gender and driving experience.HTML + JavaScript + CSS is used to compile the response time web page test program.Driver braking response time test is carried out in Nanjing(10m),Bomi(2700m above sea level),Linzhi(3000m above sea level),Lhasa(3650m above sea level),Naqu(4460m above sea level)and Yanghu Scenic Area(4800m above sea level).Using UC-win/Road scenario production software and driving simulator to design driving simulation test,the driver operation time is obtained by comparing with the driver web page test.Based on the data of the altitude test,a normalization processing is used to reduce the difference among different drivers,and the representative value of each driver’s reaction time is determined to be the eightieth percentile value through the data probability distribution curve.Further analysis shows that the driver’s reaction time is positively correlated with altitude,the longer the response time of the driver with darker light,the slower the driver’s reaction time with older age.The difference of sender is not obvious.The variance of driver response time increases gradually with altitudes,and the adoptability of different drivers to plateau environment varies greatly.The test results of 8 drivers with different driving experience showed that driving experience had no significant effect on the test results of reaction time web pages.The driver’s operation time was analyzed by using UC-win/Road software and MATLAB programming.The results showed that the driver’s operation time was affected by the degree of driving experience,and the novice driver’s operation time was relatively long.For safety consideration,the driver’s operating time in the stopping sight distance model is 1.0s.Finally,the regression model of braking reaction time and altitude,driving time(illumination intensity)and driver’s age is established through the distribution of braking reaction time.Based on the study of driver’s operation time and vehicle braking reaction time,the highway sight distance model suitable for highway drivers is established,and the highway stopping sight distance is proposed.At the same time,the horizon model of plateau highway is revised according to cross slope,longitudinal slope and air resistance.In this paper,by analyzing the braking response characteristics of drivers in Plateau environment,combined with the operation time of drivers and the braking reaction time of vehicles,the stopping sight distance model of plateau highway is established.The research results are of great significance to improving highway design standards and driving safety in plateau.更多还原