【作者】 李欣；

【导师】 曹跃香；

【作者基本信息】 江西师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 文章以“X且”类副词中常用的“暂且”“姑且”“权且”“聊且”为研究对象,从共时与历时两个角度和句法、语义和语用三个平面展开研究。除去引言和结语,正文包括三个章节。第一章:从词典工具书、专著类、学术论文类三个方面对关于“X且”类副词或其相关构成语素的研究文献进行了概括。我们发现以往的研究主要集中在分类、两个词共时比较和单个词在具体语句中的词义考释上,没有涉及到对四个副词共同具有的短时段义和让步义的相关研究,如共时平面的差异和历时平面的词义演变以及同素逆序现象的分析等。而这些问题都将在本文中得到相应阐释。第二章:“X且”类副词共时角度上的相关表现:语义上,“X且”类副词共有的语义为:短时段义、非指量义和让步情态义,在短时段语义中又隐含静态的持续义。语义差异在于:“暂且”更侧重“短时段义”,其它三个副词相对侧重“让步情态义”。“姑且”和“权且”比较,“权且”不能表示单纯让步,也不能表示主动让步,而只能用于“不得已”的情况下表示被动让步。而“姑且”多数带有鼓动或提示的语气,可以用于主动让步。“姑且”还可以用于转折句中,具有转折意味,其它三个词则不适用。表示“让步情态义”的“聊且”在现代汉语中更多被“姑且”“权且”替代,相对而言很少使用。“X且”类副词的短时段义大小和让步情态义强弱呈现反向关系,语义指向于谓语或谓语中心语。句法上,“X且”类副词体现“惟状性”,即只能作状语,且不带“地”。在动词选择上,首选自主动词。同时,副词的语义特征与动词的选择形成对应关系。“X且”类副词不与名词搭配使用。在形容词选择上,“暂且”可选择饰人和饰物两类形容词,“姑且”“权且”“聊且”只能选择饰人形容词。在副词连用上,同类连用以单音节词为主,异类连用以语气/关联/否定/范围四类副词为主,遵循关联>语气>时间>否定>范围这一副词连用顺序。“X且”类副词与否定副词“不”搭配的频率高于“没/没有”。其中,“暂且”与否定副词连用的自由度最高。语用上,“暂且”的口语色彩最强,“聊且”的书面语色彩最强。在“X且+VP+NP”结构中,“NP”和“VP”均以中性色彩的名词为主,其次是消极义名词,最少的是积极义名词。在VP选择上,“暂且”首选“消极色彩”VP,“姑且”首选“中性色彩”VP,“权且”首选“积极色彩”VP。在句类选择上,均以陈述句为主,“聊且”只用于陈述句,“权且”用于感叹句远低于“暂且”和“姑且”。在篇章功能上,有先时/后时/终止三种顺序。第三章:“X且”类副词在历时角度上的语义发展演变及成词时间。副词“姑”“聊”表示“暂且”义是通过假借途径,“且”是从通过假借表示“将要义”中引申而来,“暂”是通过词义引申途径,“权”是通过“类同引申”方式。“暂且”“姑且”“权且”“聊且”词汇化时间分别在南宋、北宋、唐代、南北朝。“X且”类副词的词汇化机制是间接虚化。“且暂”“且姑”“且权”词汇化时间分别在东汉、北宋、南北朝,最早于清末民初开始消亡。根据副词“且X”和“X且”词汇化时间,我们梳理考察结果认为在语言使用中,副词“且X”早于“X且”。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper studies the adverb"zan qie_（暂且）""gu qie_（姑且）""quan qie_（权且）"and"liao qie_（聊且）"from two aspects:synchronic and diachronic,syntactic,semantic and pragmatic.Excluding the introduction and conclusion,the text consists of three chapters.The first chapter:summarizes the research literature on"X and_（且）"adverbs or their related morphemes from three aspects:dictionary reference book,monograph and academic thesis.We found that previous studies focused on classification,co-temporal comparison of two words and the interpretation of the meaning of a single word in a specific sentence,there are no related studies on the short-term meanings and the meanings of the common meanings of the common meanings such as the difference of synchronic plane and the evolution of the meaning of diachronic plane and the analysis of the phenomenon of homomorphic inversion.These problems will be explained in this article.Chapter Two:To study the related expression of"X and_（且）"adverbs in three planes:Semantically,the meanings common to adverbs of"X and_（且）"are short-term paragraph meanings,non-index meanings and concession modal meanings.The semantic difference lies in"zan qie_（暂且）"focusing on"short-term paragraph meaning","gu qie_（姑且）""quan qie_（权且）"and"liao qie_（聊且）"focus on"concession modal meaning""quan qie_（权且）"do not express simple concessions,can only be used in the"last resort"situation,means passive concessions.For"gu qie_（姑且）",most of the tone with agitation or cues can be used for active concessions."liao qie_（聊且）"is seldom used in modern Chinese.The short-term meanings and the concession modal meanings of the adverbs of"X and_（且）"have a reverse relation,and the semantics point to the predicate or predicate.Syntactically,the adverbs of"X and_（且）"embody only qualities:only be used as an adverbial.In verb selection,the preferred autonomous verb and the continuous verb.At the same time,the semantic characteristics of adverbs form a corresponding relationship with the choice of verbs."X and_（且）"adverbs are not used in conjunction with nouns.In the choice of adjectives,"zan qie_（暂且）"can choose to decorate people and ornaments two types of adjectives,"gu qie_（姑且）""quan qie_（权且）"and"liao qie_（聊且）"can only choose to decorate people adjectives.In adverb conjunction,The same kind of adverbs are mainly used in monosyllabic words.The different kind of adverbs are mainly used in mood_（语气）/association_（关联）/negation_（否定）/range_（范围）,follow the conjunction order of association_（关联）>mood_（语气）>time_（时间）>negation_（否定）>range_（范围）,When combined with negative adverbs,the degree of freedom of"zan qie_（暂且）"is the highest.The frequency of the negative adverb"No_（不）"is higher than that of"No_{（没/没有）}".In pragmatic terms,the spoken language of"zan qie_（暂且）"is the strongest,and the written language of"liao qie_（聊且）"is the strongest.In the“X and_（且）+VP+NP”structure,“NP”and“VP”is dominated by neutral color nouns,followed by negative meaning nouns,and the least by positive meaning nouns.In VP selection,"zan qie_（暂且）"prefers negative color"VP,"gu qie_（姑且）"prefers"neutral color"VP,"quan qie_（权且）"prefers"positive color"VP.In terms of choice of sentence types,they are mainly declarative sentences."liao qie_（聊且）"are used only for declarative sentences,and"quan qie_（权且）"are used for exclamatory sentences.In the text function,there are three order of first time/later time/termination.Chapter three:from the diachronic point of view to the semantic evolution of adverbs of"X and_（且）"and the process of word formation.The adverb"gu_（姑）""liao_（聊）"means"short term"by borrowing route."qie_（且）"is derived from a borrowing route"will"mean,"zan_（暂）"via extension of meaning,and"quan_（权）"via similar extension.In the Southern Song Dynasty,the Northern Song Dynasty,the Tang Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties respectively,the lexicalization of the adverbs of"X and_（且）"were all indirectly empty and occurred at the morpheme level.the lexicalization of the adverbs of"and zan_（且暂）""and gu_（且姑）""and quan_（且权）"in the Eastern Han,Northern Song and Southern and Northern Dynasties respectively,and began to die out at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.According to the lexicalization time of adverbs"X and_（且）"and"and_（且）X",we think that the adverb"and_（且）X"are earlier than"X and_（且）"in language use.更多还原