【作者】 高鹏；

【导师】 张睿；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农学， 2019， 硕士

【摘要】 2018年5-10月在关中中部的武功县进行了玉米缓控释肥增产机理的研究,试验设四个处理,A缓控释肥,施纯养分总量300kg/hm²（其中有效养分N-P₂O₅-K₂O为210-45-45kg/hm₂）;用传统速效化肥尿素（N 46%）,磷酸二铵（N 15%-P₂O₅ 42%）,硫酸钾（K₂O 51%）调配成N-P₂O₅-K₂O不同配比的3个处理B、C、D,B施纯养分总量300kg/hm²,（其中有效养分N-P₂O₅-K₂O分别为210-45-45kg/hm²）;C施纯养分总量390kg/hm₂（其中有效养分N-P₂O₅-K₂O分别为300-45-45kg/hm²）;D施纯养分总量322.5kg/hm²（其中有效养分N-P₂O₅-K₂O分别为300-22.5-0kg/hm²）。采用随机区组排列,重复6次。试验研究结果如下:1缓控释肥较传统速效化肥玉米增产作用明显。缓控释肥（A）有显著的增产效应,其产量为9882kg/hm²,较处理B的9213 kg/hm²显著增产7.3%;较处理C和处理D的玉米产量9685 kg/hm²、9435.5 kg/hm²分别增产2.0%和4.7%。同时缓控释肥能有效改善部分玉米经济性状,增加果穗粒数和提高百粒重。缓控释肥（A）处理的玉米果穗秃尖长0.8cm,较B处理的果穗秃尖1.7cm显著减小0.9cm;行粒数和百粒重分别为33.5粒和33g,分别较B处理的31.9粒和31.65g增加1.6粒和1.35g,较处理C和处理D的玉米行粒数和百粒重分别增加1.1粒、0.36g和1.8粒、0.93g。2缓控释肥可显著提高玉米叶面积指数和延缓叶片衰老,显著提高玉米的光合势和叶绿素含量,灌浆期保持了较高的绿叶面积持续时间。缓控释肥（A）处理的吐丝期、乳熟期和成熟期叶面积指数为4.34、4.22和3.05,较处理B分别增加5.85%、16.57%和12.55%,成熟期较C和D叶面积指数增加5.54%和6.27%。缓控释肥（A）处理的玉米总光合势270.98,较处理B提高7.54%,其中吐丝至乳熟、乳熟至成熟两个阶段缓控释肥（A）的光合势为107和83.27,较处理B分别提高了10.88%和12.48%;缓控释肥（A）用于籽粒生产的光合势占总光合势的70.2%,较处理B提高了2.5个百分点。较处理C和D分别提高2.7和2.6个百分点;缓控释肥（A）处理乳熟期SPAD值62.7,较处理B增加了6.5%,较处理C和D增加了6.3%和9.4%;成熟期较B、C、D三个处理SPAD值依次增加了54.7%、5.7%和29.8%。3缓控释肥可促进玉米根系生长,显著提高单株根条数,并加快了籽粒的干物质积累。缓控释肥（A）处理拔节后的根条数增加较快,大喇叭口期、吐丝期和成熟期的单株根条数分别为57.9条/株、63.2条/株和66.4条/株,较处理B依次增加了13.3%、11.9%和16.9%。较处理C增加了4.5%、8.2%和13.5%;较处理D的根条数分别增加8%、10.5%和15.9%。在整个灌浆期,缓控释肥（A）处理的玉米干物质积累较快,授粉后15天至成熟较处理B的玉米百粒重增加2.2%⁴.8%,较处理C和D的百粒重分别增加0.9%².3%和1.5%³.3%;灌浆前期的0³1天缓控释肥（A）干物质积累量（百粒重）25.63g较B、C、D三个处理百粒重分别增加0.71g、0.38g和0.64g;灌浆后期的31⁴7天较B、C、D三个处理百粒重增加0.84g、0.39g和0.44g。4缓控释肥较传统速效化肥玉米生产的经济效益明显提高。缓控释肥（A）处理较传统速效化肥B、C、D三个处理玉米生产的经济效益分别提高了13.5%、10%和9.7%;缓控释肥的投入产出比为1∶6.99,其余三个处理B、C、D的投入产出比分别为1∶4.77、1∶4.3和1∶5.06。5结论:5.1缓控释肥有显著的增产作用,较等量有效养分的速效化肥B玉米显著增产7.3%,较多量有效养分的速效化肥C和D两个处理玉米分别增产2.0%和4.7%。5.2缓控释肥能有效降低化肥肥效损失,节肥保肥。5.3在玉米生长的中后期,缓控释肥可显著提高玉米叶面积指数和延缓叶片衰老,显著提高玉米的光合势和叶绿素含量,灌浆期保持了较高的绿叶面积持续时间,促进根系生长,有效改善果穗经济性状,使玉米的百粒重提高,穗粒数增加,最终提高了玉米的产量。5.4缓控释肥较传统速效化肥增产增效。更多还原

【Abstract】 The mechanism of increasing yield of slow-controlled release fertilizers（SRFs）for maize was studied in Wugong,north of Central Shaanxi Plain from May to October,2018.During the test,it was divided into four parts.The first part A was slow-controlled release fertilizers,its total pure nutrients was 300kg/hm²（Its available nutrient N-P₂O₅-K2O was210-45-45kg/hm²）;And it was blended into three treatments with different ratios of N-P₂O₅-K₂O by the traditional quick-acting fertilizer urea（N 46%）,diammonium phosphate（N 15%-P₂O₅ 42%）and potassium sulfate（K₂O 51%）.So the second part B was called control fertilization（CK）,the total amount of applied pure nutrients was 300 kg/hm²（Its available nutrient N-P₂O₅-K₂O was 210-45-45kg/hm²）;The third part C was habitual fertilization 1,and the total amount of applied pure nutrients was 390 kg/hm²（Its available nutrient N-P₂O₅-K₂O was 300-45-45kg/hm²）;The forth part D was habitual fertilization2,and the total amount of applied pure nutrients was 322.5 kg/hm²（Its available nutrient N-P₂O₅-K₂O was 300-22.5-0kg/hm²）.The maize was arranged in random blocks and repeated 6 times.The results of the experimental research are summarized as follows:1.SRFs had a significant effect on increasing yield compared with traditional fertilizer corn with the same amount of available nutrients.SRFs（A）had obvious yield increasing effect;its yield was 9882kg/hm²,compared to controlled fertilization B,the yield of controlled fertilization B was 9213 kg/hm².The maize’s yield which was used SRFs increased by 2.0%and 4.7%,which compared to treatment（C）whose yield was 9685kg/hm² and treatment（D）whose yield was 9435.5 kg/hm².At the same time,slow and SRFs not only could improve some economic properties of maize effectively,but also increase the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight effectively.The bald tip of corn ear which was used SRFs was 0.8 centimeter long.Its length was 0.9 centimeter shorter than the bald tip of fruit ear of fertilization（B）.And the bald tip of fruit ear of fertilization B was 1.7centimeters long;The number of grains in each row was 33.5,and the weight of 100-grain was 33 grams in the test A（which was used SRFs）,which increased by 1.6 grains and 13.5g respectively.However the number of grains in each row was 31.9,and the weight of100-grain was 31.65 grams in the control fertilizer（B）;The number of grains per row and100-grain weight in SRFs（A）increased by 1.1 grains,1.8 grains,0.36g and 0.93g respectively,compared with treatments（C）and（D）.2.SRFs could improve the leaf area index of corn significantly,and delay leaf senescence,improve the photosynthetic potential and chlorophyll content of maize significantly,and maintain a higher leaf area duration during filling period.The leaf area index of slow controlled release fertilizer（A）treatment was 4.34,4.22 and 3.05 at silking stage,milk stage and mature stage,which increased by 5.85%,16.57%and 12.55%,respectively,compared with the control fertilization（B）.The leaf area index,of mature period increased by 5.54%and 6.27 which compared with C and D.The total photosynthetic potential of SARs（A）was 270.98,which increased by 7.54%compared with the control fertilizer（B）.The photosynthetic potential of SARs（A）from silking to milking and from milking to ripening were 107 and 83.27 respectively,and increased by 10.88%and 12.48%respectively.The photosynthetic potential of SARs（A）for grain production accounted was70.2%,and increased by 2.5%compared with control fertilizer.And increased by 2.7%and2.6%compared with reatment C and D respectively.The SPAD value of slow and controlled release fertilizer（A）treatment at milk stage was 62.7,which was 6.5%higher than that of the control.And increased by 6.3%and 9.4%,compared with treatments C and D.The SPAD value of mature period increased by 54.7%,5.7%and 29.8%respectively compared with the three treatments of B,C and D.3.SARs could promote the growth of maize roots,increase the number of heel strips per plant significantly and accelerate the accumulation of dry matter in grains.The root number of SARs（A）increased rapidly after jointing.The root number of SARs（A）in big bell mouth stage,silking stage and mature stage were 57.9,63.2 and 66.4 respectively,which increased by 13.3%,11.9%and 16.9%compared with control fertilization（B）in the same period.The root number of SARs（A）increased by 4.5%,8.2%and 13.5%compared with treatment C.The root number of SARs（A）increased by 8%,10.5%and 15.9%respectively compared with treatment D.During the whole filling period,the dry matter of maize in SARs（A）accumulated faster,and the 100-grain weight of maize increased by 2.2%-4.8%from 15days after pollination to maturity compared with that of maize in control fertilizer（B）;and the weight of 100 grains increased by 0.9%².3%and 1.5%³.3%,respectively compared with treatment Cand D.The dry matter accumulation（100-grain weight）of SARs（A）in0-31 days before grouting was 25.63g,which was 0.71g,0.38g and 0.64 g higher than that of B,C and D treatments respectively.And the weight of 100 grains increased by 0.84g,0.39g and 0.44g in the 31⁴7 days after grouting compared with the three treatments of B,C and D.4.The economic benefit of slow-controlled release fertilizer is obviously higher than that of traditional chemical fertilizer corn.Compared with the conventional fertilizer B,C and D,the economic benefits of slow-release fertilizer（A）treatment were increased by13.5%,10%and 9.7%respectively.The input-output ratio of slow-release fertilizer was 1:6.99,and the input-output ratios of the other three treatments were 1:4.77,1:4.3 and 1:5.06,respectively.5.Conclusion:5.1 SARs had obvious effect of increasing production.The maize yield which was used SARs increased by 7.3%,compared with the available fertilizer（control）with the same amount of available nutrients.And the maize yield which was used SARs increased by 2.0%and 4.7%,compared with conventional fertilization C and D with more available nutrients.5.2 SARs could reduce the loss of fertilizer efficiency effectively,save fertilizer and keep fertilizer.5.3 SARs could significantly improve corn leaf area index and delay leaf senescence,and the photosynthetic potential and chlorophyll content of corn are obviously improved at the middle and late period of corn growth.The duration of green leaf area was kept high during the grouting period,and SARs could promote the growth of root system,improve the economic characteristics of ear effectively,increase the weight of 100 grains and the number of grains per ear,and finally increase the yield of maize.5.4 Slow-controlled release fertilizers can increase yield and benefit compared with traditional quick-acting fertilizers.更多还原