【作者】 王笑；

【导师】 傅有德；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 宗教学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 智慧文学是《希伯来圣经》的重要组成部分,它来源于人们的生活经验,并用理性对其加工和梳理,得出结论。其中的“智慧”二字,包括思想与实践两个层面。《传道书》作为智慧文学,即便身为正典,围绕它的争论却从未停止。它的内容看似激进、反叛,甚至被扣上“反智慧传统”的帽子。但结尾部分却又与犹太正统保持一致。最初,《传道书》在智慧文学中处于边缘化地位,但它的正典地位又迫使学者不得不重新思考《传道书》的价值和意义。《传道书》的希伯来文是Qoheleth,意为专职去召开会议的人。传统上认为所罗门写作《传道书》,尽管这并非事实,但《传道书》表现了所罗门智慧的特点。若要解读《传道书》,必要放眼于全部的经文。“Hebel”一词在《传道书》中出现38次,其中8次更是作为总结句。因此,如何诠释“hebel”便为研读《传道书》奠定了基调。20世纪之前,对“hebel”的解读分为两种不同的进路:犹太学者基本将“hebel”作为一个比喻词,将它解读为“暂时”或“短暂”。而基督徒则倾向于将“hebel”解读为“虚空”,从而做出价值判断,再来做神学上的洽释。为了协调《传道书》中前后经文的矛盾,有的学者将不同经文中的“hebel”译为不同的意思。20-21世纪,福克斯和斯尼德关于“hebel”的辩论影响甚远,二人分别将“hebel”解读为“荒谬”和“无价值”。福克斯借用了加缪的“荒谬主义”概念,认为理想和现实之间存在张力,这之间的差异体现在思想上便是“荒谬”。他将《传道书》的主题句释为:一切都是荒谬的。斯尼德则驳斥福克斯的诠释,他认为《传道书》表达的思想是:一切都是无价值的,人要及时行乐。福克斯和斯尼德的解读基于“hebel”的比喻义:“短暂”。本文针对“hebel”一词,在总结具有代表性学者的释义的基础上,根据经文以及《传道书》作者的生活环境,并结合希伯来文的语法,提出自己的见解。“Hebel”最原初的意思是:“一口气”、“蒸汽”。《传道书》中,还有一个与“hebel”密切相关的词:“ruach”。福克斯认为“hebel”和“ruach”绝不是同义词,“ruach”是“毫无意义”的意思;斯尼德认为是两者同义词,“ruach”的意思是“毫无价值”。“Ruach”除了它的本义“风”、气息、神的灵以外,还有一层意思是:人的灵(灵魂)——即与肉体相对的“精神”。当传道者在说“一切都是‘hebel’,一切都是‘reut ruah’”时,他的意思是:人所做的一切都是短暂的,也是对精神的追求。这并没有表达某种负面的含义,传道者只是如实地记录、总结他所看到的一切。除前后的主题句外,“hebel”散落在《传道书》不同章节中,共30处。传道者常说:X是“hebel”,读者需要明白“hebel”的描述对象。传道者用“hebel”表示:劳碌与劳碌所得、喜乐、智慧、智慧所得和愁烦、人在日光之下的时日和经历、不到期而落的胎、义人和恶人的遭遇、一切临到、梦境和言语等。《传道书》还与《创世记》有密切关系,传道者在他的作品中对创世故事做出了回应。此外,人名亚伯(Abel)也对阐释“hebel”的含义及理解《传道书》起到作用。人在日光之下的日子是短暂的,人所追求之物也不能持久。那么,到底什么才能让人活得有价值、有意义呢?一切皆短暂,人的生命也是。生命的本质是生命,而不是其他的东西。传道者呈现了他的时代最本真的社会,以及在此基础上所展开的思考。以人的生命为载体的物质是短暂的,但真理是永恒的,对精神的追求也是无价的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wisdom literature is an important part of the Hebrew Bible.It comes from people’ s life experience,and uses reason to process and comb it to draw conclusions.The word "wisdom" includes two levels:thought and practice.As a literary literature,Ecclesiastes,even as a canon,has never stopped the debate around it.Its content seems radical,rebellious,and even put on the hat of "anti-wisdom tradition".But the ending is consistent with the Jewish orthodoxy.Initially,Ecclesiastes was marginalized in wisdom literature,but its canonical status forced scholars to rethink the value and significance of Ecclesiastes.The Hebrew word for Ecclesiastes is Qoheleth,which means people who hold meetings full-time.Traditionally,Solomon wrote Ecclesiastes.Although this is not true,Ecclesiastes shows the characteristics of Solomon’ s wisdom.To interpret the Book of Ecclesiastes,one must focus on all the scriptures.The word "Hebel" appears 38 times in Ecclesiastes,8 of which are used as concluding sentences.Therefore,how to interpret "hebel" laid the tone for studying Ecclesiastes.Before the 20th century,the interpretation of "hebel" was divided into two different approaches:Jewish scholars basically used "hebel" as a metaphor,interpreting it as "temporary" or"ephemeral".Christians tend to interpret "hebel" as "emptiness",thereby making value judgments and then making theological interpretations.In order to reconcile the contradiction between the previous and the following scriptures in the Preaching Book,some scholars have translated "hebel" in different scriptures into different meanings.Between the twentieth and the twenty-first century,Fox and Mark opened a far-reaching debate.Relying on Albert Camus,Fox argued that the term "hebel" should be translated as"absurd".He believed that there have a gap between the ideal and the reality.From his point of view,the main idea of the book of Qeheleth is:everything is absurd.Mark disagreed with Fox.Mark translated "hebel"as "worthless".He thought one of the main idea of author is " carpe diem".Fox and Mark’ s interpretation is based on the metaphorical meaning of "hebel":"brevity".This article aims at the word "hebel",on the basis of summarizing the interpretation of representative scholars,based on the scriptures and the living environment of the author of Ecclesiastes,combined with the grammar of Hebrew,put forward my own opinion.The original meaning of "hebel" are:"breath","steam".In Qoheleth,there is an another word that is closely related to "hebel":"ruach".Fox believed that "hebel" and "ruach" are not synonymous,and "ruach" means"meaningless";Mark considered it synonymous,and "ruach" means "worthless".In addition to its original meaning of "wind",breath,and spirit of God,"Ruach" also has a meaning:human spirit(soul)-that is,"spirit" opposite to the flesh.When the Qoheleth was saying"everything is ’ hebel’,everything is ’ reut ruah’ ",he meant:everything that man does is short-lived,and it is also a spiritual pursuit.This did not express a certain negative meaning,the Qoheleth simply recorded and summarized everything he saw.In addition to the topic sentence before and after,"hebel"is scattered in different chapters of Ecclesiastes,for a total of 30 places.Qoheleth often say:X is "hebel",and readers need to understand the description object of "hebel".Qoheleth uses "hebel" to express:labor and what labor gains,joy,wisdom,what wisdom gains,sorrows,the time and experience of people under the sun,the unborn fetus,the experience of the righteous and the wicked,all that came,dreams,speech,etc.Ecclesiastes is also closely related to Genesis,and Qoheleth responded to the creation story in his works.In addition,the name Abel also plays a role in explaining the meaning of "hebel" and understanding Ecclesiastes.Man’ s time under the sun is short,and what he seeks cannot last.So,what can make people live worthwhile and meaningful?Everything is brevity,so is human life.The essence of life is life,not something else.The Qoheleth presented the most authentic society of his time,and the thoughts based on it.The material taking human life as a carrier is short-lived,but truth is eternal,and the pursuit of spirit is priceless.更多还原